THE ORIGIN AND CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION OF ANIMALS:FOSSIL EVIDENCES FROM CHINA
THE ORIGIN AND CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION OF ANIMALS:FOSSIL EVIDENCES FROM CHINA
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
Z. Maoyan
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作者：
Z. Maoyan
地球在前寒武纪寒武纪过渡期经历了重大的生物和环境革命，特别是在635 Ma之前的极端“雪球地球”结束后，动物的出现和连续的寒武纪大爆发。在过去的30年里，在华南发育和暴露的沉积层序中发现了许多保存完好的化石生物群（例如瓮安和澄江生物群），为研究人类的生存提供了无与伦比的机会。本文对这些化石生物群及其保存情况和环境进行了简要回顾。除了具有“伯吉斯页岩型”保存特征的寒武纪澄江、关山和凯里动物群外，以下Lagerstttten化石是独特的埋藏学窗口，包括：1）埃迪卡拉纪早期瓮安生物群具有“陡山沱型”保存特征。磷酸盐化胚胎;2) 陡山沱燧石中早期埃迪卡拉纪硅化母体和胚胎;3) 埃迪卡拉纪蓝田、庙河、瓮辉和武陵山生物群, 保存有“庙河式”宏观化石碳质印记;4) 埃迪卡拉纪晚期高家山生物群, 存在大型黄铁矿管状化石;5) 宽川堡动物群磷酸化胚胎和幼虫；6）黑色页岩中早寒武世“牛蹄塘型”海绵动物群。通过对所有生物群在时空上的综合分析，我们得出结论：1）埃迪卡拉纪之前没有明确的动物化石；2）动物生命在前寒武纪寒武纪过渡期经历了四次辐射和四次灭绝。埃迪卡拉纪晚期出现了以埃迪卡拉纪和高家山生物群为代表的大型复杂动物。早寒武世梅树村动物群及其各种小型贝壳化石代表了两侧对称动物的第一次爆发性辐射和动物生物矿化。筇竹仙期（～520Ma）动物的形态空间和生态空间达到了顶峰，大量保存完好的寒武纪生物群证明了这一点。此外，华南的化石证据表明，动物在早期进化过程中表现出陆上-离岸的模式，动物的首次殖民发生在筇竹仙。
Earth experienced major biological and environmental revolutions during the Precambrian Cambrian transitional interval,notably,the advent and successive Cambrian explosion of animals following the termination of an extreme "Snowball Earth" before 635 Ma.In past 30 years,numerous exquisitely preserved fossil biotas (e.g.the Weng’an and Chengjiang biotas) have been discovered from the well-developed and-exposed sedimentary successions of South China,offering an unsurpassed opportunity to decipher the process of the origin and Cambrian explosion of animals.The present paper briefly reviewed all these fossil biotas,their preservations and environments.Except for the Cambrian Chengjiang,Guanshan and Kaili faunas with the characteristic "Burgess Shale-type" preservation,the following fossil Lagerstttten are unique taphonomic windows,including:1) the early Ediacaran Weng’an biota with the "Doushantuo-type" preservation of phosphatised embryos;2) the early Ediacaran silicified acritarchs and embryos from the Doushantuo cherts;3) the Ediacaran Lantian,Miaohe,Wenghui and Wulingshan biotas with the "Miaohe-type" preservation of carbonaceous imprints of macroscopic fossils;4) the late Ediacaran Gaojiashan biota with large pyritized tubular fossils;5) the Kuanchuanpu fauna with preservation of phosphatised embryos and larvae;and 6) the early Cambrian "Niutitang-type" sponge faunas in black shales.Integrated analyses of all biotas in space and time,we conclude that 1) no unambiguous animal fossils before Ediacaran;2) animal life experienced episodic four radiations and four extinctions across the Precambrian Cambrian transitional interval.The earliest animals emerged as cryptic microfauna during the early Ediacaran,and large complex animals exemplified by the Ediacaran and Gaojiashan biotas appearred during the late Ediacaran.The early Cambrian Meishucun fauna with various small shelly fossils represents the first explosive radiation of bilaterians and biomineralization of animals.The morphospace and ecospace of animals reached their peaks during the Qiongzhusian (～520 Ma) which are evidenced by numerous exquisitely preserved Cambrian biotas,such as the Chengjiang fauan and sponge faunas.In addition,fossils evidence from South China indicates that animals show an onshore-offshore pattern during their early evolution,and first colonization of animals occurred in the Qiongzhusian.