The Sigma-1 Receptor-A Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of ALS?

The Sigma-1 Receptor-A Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of ALS?
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DOI:
10.1007/978-3-319-50174-1_17
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发表时间:
2017
影响因子:
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通讯作者:
T. Mavlyutov;Erin M. Baker;Tasher Losenegger;Jaimie R Kim;B. Torres;M. Epstein;A. Ruoho
T. Mavlyutov;Erin M. Baker;Tasher Losenegger;Jaimie R Kim;B. Torres;M. Epstein;A. Ruoho
中科院分区:
医学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
T. Mavlyutov;Erin M. Baker;Tasher Losenegger;Jaimie R Kim;B. Torres;M. Epstein;A. Ruoho

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膜结合的 223 个氨基酸 Sigma-1 受体 (S1R) 充当许多信号蛋白的分子伴侣和功能调节剂。脊髓运动神经元的激活部分是通过称为 C-boutons/C-terminals 的大腹角胆碱能突触发生的。运动神经元的慢性兴奋和 C 末端的改变与肌萎缩侧索硬化症 (ALS) 相关。 S1R 在调节运动神经元功能中具有重要作用。高水平的 S1R 位于质膜 10-20 nm 内的突触后内质网 (ER) 表面下池中,其中包含毒蕈碱 2 型乙酰胆碱受体 (M2AChR)、钙激活钾通道 (Kv2.1) 和慢钾 (SK) 通道。 S1R KO 小鼠运动神经元动作电位的增加表明 S1R 作为运动神经元功能“刹车”的关键作用,可能是通过涉及上述钾通道的钙依赖性超极化机制。与 SOD-1/WT ALS 对照相比,SOD-1/S1R KO ALS 小鼠的寿命显着缩短。 S1R 与吲哚(乙基)胺-N-甲基转移酶 (INMT) 共定位于 C 端,INMT 是产生 S1R 激动剂 N,N'-二甲基色胺 (DMT) 的酶。 INMT 甲基化还可以中和内源性有毒硫和硒衍生物,从而与 DMT 提供功能协同作用,减少运动神经元的氧化应激。因此,S1R 和 INMT 的小分子激活为治疗 ALS 提供了一种可能的治疗策略。
The membrane bound 223 amino acid Sigma-1 Receptor (S1R) serves as a molecular chaperone and functional regulator of many signaling proteins. Spinal cord motor neuron activation occurs, in part, via large ventral horn cholinergic synapses called C-boutons/C-terminals. Chronic excitation of motor neurons and alterations in C-terminals has been associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS ). The S1R has an important role in regulating motor neuron function. High levels of the S1R are localized in postsynaptic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) subsurface cisternae within 10–20 nm of the plasma membrane that contain muscarinic type 2 acetylcholine receptors (M2AChR), calcium activated potassium channels (Kv2.1) and slow potassium (SK) channels. An increase in action potentials in the S1R KO mouse motor neurons indicates a critical role for the S1R as a “brake” on motor neuron function possibly via calcium dependent hyperpolarization mechanisms involving the aforementioned potassium channels. The longevity of SOD-1/S1R KO ALS mice is significantly reduced compared to SOD-1/WT ALS controls. The S1R colocalizes in C-terminals with Indole(ethyl)amine-N-methyl transferase (INMT ), the enzyme that produces the S1R agonist , N,N′- dimethyltryptamine (DMT). INMT methylation can additionally neutralize endogenous toxic sulfur and selenium derivatives thus providing functional synergism with DMT to reduce oxidative stress in motor neurons . Small molecule activation of the S1R and INMT thus provides a possible therapeutic strategy to treat ALS .