Contrasting population changes in sympatric penguin species in association with climate warming
Contrasting population changes in sympatric penguin species in association with climate warming
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01108.x
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发表时间：
2006-03-01
影响因子：
11.6
通讯作者：
Croxall, JP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Forcada, J;Trathan, PN;Croxall, JP
气候变暖和南极洲相关的海冰减少改变了一些物种的栖息地条件。这些包括同类的阿德利企鹅、帽带企鹅和巴布亚企鹅，它们现在表现出对区域变暖的显着人口反应。然而，在不同的研究地点物种之间的人口变化的方向不一致的因果过程的理解复杂化。在这里，我们表明，在南奥克尼群岛的三个物种共域繁殖，不太冰适应巴布亚企鹅的数量显着增加，在过去的26年，而下巴带和阿德利企鹅都下降了。这些趋势与区域长期变暖和海冰范围大幅减少同时发生。定期温暖的事件，与遥相关的热带太平洋，导致海冰周期减少猎物生物量，并同时年际人口减少的三种企鹅。随着海冰的消失，阿德利企鹅对环境的缓冲作用减少，它们的数量波动很大，它们的种群反应强烈且呈线性。帽带企鹅，被认为是更好地适应无冰条件下，受到离散事件的影响，局部增加的冰盖，但表现出较少的变量，非线性响应海冰损失。巴布亚企鹅暂时受到区域海冰负异常的影响，但持续的海冰减少可能会增加其可用的生态位，这很可能是从其更丰富的同源物中分离出来。因此，全球气候扰动对海冰物候的区域后果影响到海洋生态系统，对企鹅食物供应和资源竞争产生影响。最终，企鹅种群的变化与变暖反映了当地的平衡企鹅适应冰条件和营养介导的变化级联从全球气候强迫。
Climate warming and associated sea ice reductions in Antarctica have modified habitat conditions for some species. These include the congeneric Adelie, chinstrap and gentoo penguins, which now demonstrate remarkable population responses to regional warming. However, inconsistencies in the direction of population changes between species at different study sites complicate the understanding of causal processes. Here, we show that at the South Orkney Islands where the three species breed sympatrically, the less ice-adapted gentoo penguins increased significantly in numbers over the last 26 years, whereas chinstrap and Adelie penguins both declined. These trends occurred in parallel with regional long-term warming and significant reduction in sea ice extent. Periodical warm events, with teleconnections to the tropical Pacific, caused cycles in sea ice leading to reduced prey biomass, and simultaneous interannual population decreases in the three penguin species. With the loss of sea ice, Adelie penguins were less buffered against the environment, their numbers fluctuated greatly and their population response was strong and linear. Chinstrap penguins, considered to be better adapted to ice-free conditions, were affected by discrete events of locally increased ice cover, but showed less variable, nonlinear responses to sea ice loss. Gentoo penguins were temporarily affected by negative anomalies in regional sea ice, but persistent sea ice reductions were likely to increase their available niche, which is likely to be substantially segregated from that of their more abundant congeners. Thus, the regional consequences of global climate perturbations on the sea ice phenology affect the marine ecosystem, with repercussions for penguin food supply and competition for resources. Ultimately, variability in penguin populations with warming reflects the local balance between penguin adaptation to ice conditions and trophic-mediated changes cascading from global climate forcing.