Spitting cobras: fluid jets in nature as models for technical applications

Spitting cobras: fluid jets in nature as models for technical applications
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喷吐眼镜蛇:自然界中的流体射流作为技术应用的模型

DOI:
10.1117/12.880392
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发表时间:
2011
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Westhoff G
Westhoff G
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Balmert A;Hess D;Brücker CH;Bleckmann H;Westhoff G

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喷吐毒液的眼镜蛇通过毒牙向攻击者的面部快速喷射毒液来自卫。为了产生这些射流,吐毒液眼镜蛇的毒液输送系统有一些独特的适应性,例如毒液通道表面的突出脊。我们研究了流体加速机制,在三个吐眼镜蛇属眼镜蛇种。为了研究通过毒液通道的液体流动,我们建立了一个三维60:1比例的模型。首先,我们确定了三维结构的渠道,通过使用微机层析成像。在微型计算机断层扫描数据的帮助下,我们用蜡制作了一个负像。最后,在蜡模周围浇铸硅,并将蜡去除,从而形成眼镜蛇毒液通道的完全透明模型。用显微流变仪和张力仪测定了眼镜蛇毒的理化性质。此后,产生了具有类似性质的人造流体。采用粒子图像测速技术(PIV)对人工液体在三维模型中的流动进行了可视化。我们的实验表明,毒液通道的表面结构如何决定通过通道的液体流量,并最终形成的液体射流。了解毒液喷射的生物机制有助于增强工业过程,如水射流切割和清洁以及技术和医疗部门的注射方法,例如显微外科中的液体微射流解剖。
Spitting cobras defend themselves by ejecting rapid jets of venom through their fangs towards the face of an offender. To generate these jets, the venom delivery system of spitting cobras has some unique adaptations, such as prominent ridges on the surface of the venom channel. We examined the fluid acceleration mechanisms in three spitting cobra species of the genus Naja. To investigate the liquid-flow through the venom channel we built a three-dimensional 60:1 scale model. First we determined the three-dimensional structure of the channel by using microcomputer tomography. With help of the micro computer tomographical data we then created a negative form out of wax. Finally, silicon was casted around the wax form and the wax removed, resulting in a completely transparent model of the cobra´s venom channel. The physical-chemical properties of the cobra venom were measured by micro rheometry and tensiometry. Thereafter, an artificial fluid with similar properties was generated. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was performed to visualize the flow of the artificial liquid in the three-dimensional model. Our experiments show how the surface structure of the venom channel determines the liquid flow through the channel and ultimately the form of the liquid jet. Understanding the biological mechanisms of venom ejection helps to enhance industrial processes such as water jet cutting and cleaning as well as injection methods in technical and medical sectors, e.g. liquid microjet dissection in microsurgery.
眼镜蛇和其他眼镜蛇中的 D-概念现象以及有关自适应的注释。
DOI: --
发表时间: --
期刊:
影响因子: --
作者:
Matthew Miller;D. Azrael;C. Barber
通讯作者: C. Barber
尼日利亚由吐眼镜蛇(Naja nigricollis)引起的蛇毒眼炎和失明。
DOI: --
发表时间: 1976
影响因子: 3.3
作者:
D. Warrell;L. Ormerod
通讯作者: L. Ormerod
DOI: --
发表时间: 2005
期刊: Journal of Comparative Physiology
影响因子: --
作者:
G. Westhoff;K. Tzschätzsch;H. Bleckmann
通讯作者: H. Bleckmann
DOI: --
发表时间: 1943
期刊:
影响因子: --
作者:
C. M. Bogert
通讯作者: C. M. Bogert