Pollination of Two Species of Dalechampia (Euphoriaceae) in Mexico by Euglossine Bees
Pollination of Two Species of Dalechampia (Euphoriaceae) in Mexico by Euglossine Bees
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墨西哥两种 Dalechampia（大戟科）的绿舌蜂授粉
DOI：
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发表时间：
1979
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Webster
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
W. Armbruster;G. Webster
大型 Dalechampia 属包括 100 多个植物多样性丰富的物种，具有基本一致的假花序。对墨西哥两个同域物种的调查表明，它们在授粉适应方面存在很大差异。在 D. spathulata 中，雄性绿舌蜂被花序的花外腺所吸引并收集其分泌的芳香物质。在 D. magnistipulata 中，雌性绿舌蜂被同源腺体分泌的粘性树脂吸引并收集。这项研究在植物分类群列表中添加了一个新的属和科，该属和科表现出雄性绿舌花授粉综合症，这种综合症在热带兰花中已有充分记录。它还进一步阐明了通过树脂生产吸引传粉昆虫的独特模式，这种模式仅在其他植物属中报道过。许多工人已经指出了 Euglossini 部落蜜蜂在美洲热带花卉授粉中的重要性（Dodson 1966，Janzen 1971，Zucchi 等人 1969）。也许大多数注意力都集中在雄性绿舌蜂和兰花之间的授粉关系上，其中涉及植物和昆虫的许多共同进化适应（Dodson和Frymire 1961，Vogel 1963，Dodson等人1969，Dressler 1968，van der Pijl和Dodson 1971）。在本文中，我们首次报道了绿舌蜂对两种同域 Dalechampia 物种的授粉，Dalechampia 是大戟科的一个大属，有 100 多个物种，主要分布在美洲（Pax 和 Hoffmann 1919，Webster 和 Burch 1968）。文献中从未报道过绿舌蜂造访 Dalechampia 的花朵；在两篇已发表的报道中，无刺蜂 (Meliponini) 被报道为巴西 Dalechampia scandens L. 和 D. bidentata Bl. 的花卉访客。 Java 语言（MMuller 1879，Cammerloher 1931）。这两份报告都提到了工蜂的来访，它们从 Dalechampia 的花序中收集树脂用于筑巢。大戟属的花序结构在大戟科植物中是独一无二的：花朵被两个大的、通常颜色鲜艳的苞片包围，因此花序作为一个整体起到双唇假丹花的作用（Michaelis 1924，Venkata Rao 1971，Webster 和 Webster 1972）。在苞片插入物的上方，有由三朵无梗雌花组成的聚伞花序和通常由9-12朵雄花组成的高度修饰的顶生聚伞花序。雄花序的部分小苞片转化为分泌结构，集体形成一个大而显眼的腺体，在大多数物种中，该腺体散发出高度粘性的树脂化合物（图 1、3）。绿舌蜂（Euglossini 部落，蜜蜂科）是新热带地区重要的传粉者；雌性采集花粉用于育雏，雄性和雌性蜜蜂都摄取花蜜作为飞行和维持的能量来源。在新热带地区，有大量植物记录了绿舌蝇为获取花粉或花蜜而进行的记录，其中包括云实科、马兰科、野牡丹科、金缕梅科、茄科、马鞭草科等物种。 (Dodson 1966, Zucchi et al. 1969, Janzen 1971, Armbruster pers. obs.)。雄性绿舌蜂也收集挥发性化合物，通常来自被子植物花序。据报道，以下科包含产生对雄性绿舌蜂有吸引力的化合物的分类单元：天南星科、紫葳科、苦苣苔科、含羞草科、桃金娘科、兰科和茄科（Dodson 1966，Zucchi et al. 1969，Dressler，pers.
The large genus Dalechampia, including over 100 species of great vegetative diversity, has a basically uniform pseudanthial inflorescence. Investigation of two sympatric species in Mexico has shown considerable divergence in pollination adaptations. In D. spathulata, male euglossine bees are attracted by and collect aromatic substances secreted by the extra-floral gland of the inflorescences. In D. magnistipulata, female euglossine bees are attracted by and collect sticky resins secreted by the homologous gland. This study adds a new genus and family to the list of plant taxa exhibiting the male euglossine pollination syndrome which has been so well documented in tropical orchids. It also further elucidates a unique mode of pollinator attraction by resin production which has been reported from only one other plant genus. THE IMPORTANCE OF BEES of the tribe Euglossini in pollinating flowers in the American tropics has been pointed out by a number of workers (Dodson 1966, Janzen 1971, Zucchi et al. 1969). Perhaps most attention has been given to pollination relationships between male euglossine bees and orchids, which involve a number of coevolved adaptations on the part of both plant and insect (Dodson and Frymire 1961, Vogel 1963, Dodson et al. 1969, Dressler 1968, van der Pijl and Dodson 1971). In this paper we are reporting for the first time pollination by euglossine bees of two sympatric species of Dalechampia, a large genus of Euphorbiaceae with more than 100 species of primarily American distribution (Pax and Hoffmann 1919, Webster and Burch 1968). No visits to flowers of Dalechampia by euglossine bees have ever been reported in the literature; in two published accounts, stingless bees (Meliponini) have been reported as floral visitors to Dalechampia scandens L. in Brazil and to D. bidentata Bl. in Java (MMuller 1879, Cammerloher 1931). Both of the reports mention visits by worker bees, which collect resins from the inflorescences of Dalechampia for use in nest-building. The inflorescence structure in Dalechampia is unique in the Euphorbiaceae: the flowers are subtended by two large, often brightly colored, bracts so that the inflorescence as a whole functions as a bilabiate pseudanthium (Michaelis 1924, Venkata Rao 1971, Webster and Webster 1972). Above the insertion of the bracts, there is a cyme of three sessile pistillate flowers and a terminal highly modified pleiochasium of usually 9-12 staminate flowers. Part of the bractlets of the staminate inflorescence are converted into secretory structures, forming en masse a large conspicuous gland which in most species exudes a highly sticky resinous compound (figs. 1, 3). Euglossine bees (tribe Euglossini, family Apidae) are important pollinators in the neotropical region; females collect pollen for brood provisioning, and both male and female bees ingest nectar as the energy source for flight and maintenance. Visits by euglossines for pollen or nectar have been recorded for a large number of plants in the neotropics, including species in the Caesalpiniaceae, Marantaceae, Melastomaceae, Ochnaceae, Solanaceae, Verbenaceae, etc. (Dodson 1966, Zucchi et al. 1969, Janzen 1971, Armbruster pers. obs.). Male euglossine bees also collect volatile compounds, usually from angiosperm inflorescences. The following families contain taxa reported to produce compounds attractive to male euglossine bees: Araceae, Bignoniaceae, Gesneriaceae, Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, Orchidaceae, and Solanaceae (Dodson 1966, Zucchi et al. 1969, Dressler, pers.