Cophylogeny of the Ficus microcosm
Cophylogeny of the Ficus microcosm
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DOI：
10.1017/s1464793104006463
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发表时间：
2004-11-01
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Jackson, AP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jackson, AP
无花果树（无花果属：桑科）和小蜂之间的各种互利和对抗共生关系构成了一个微观群落。无花果和无花果小蜂的系统发育估计显示一般的拓扑对应，使微观系统的模式系统cophylogeny。来自相关有机体的同源基因之间的不一致可以通过进化事件的组合来调和。同生映射通过将关联树嵌入宿主树中，找到能够解释不一致性的事件的最佳组合并评估共趋异的水平来调和同生。本文综述了有关榕属植物的同源系统发育分析结果，并讨论了不同进化事件的相似性。五个不同的协会，包括无花果传粉，无花果寄生虫和传粉寄生虫相互作用的和解。该方法改进了以前的比较，采用“丛林”提供一个详尽的和定量的分析cophylogeny。丛林是一种机制，用于推断主机交换机并获得和解问题的所有潜在最优解。研究结果支持了无花果与传粉者而非非传粉者共趋异的共识。然而，传粉者似乎仍然有主机之间切换的传统模式的忠实codivergence的矛盾。这强调了越来越多的认识，在微观世界中的进化转变比以前认为的更灵活，宿主特异性是必要的，但不足以共趋异。采样策略的重要性是强调的分类群集上的无花果传粉者和无花果寄生丛林的影响。伪显着的结果，无花果寄生虫和无花果寄生虫丛林表明，选择的一致性措施的影响意义;调和两棵树（“总成本”）所需的事件总数是不是一个很好的衡量一致性时，开关不能现实加权。
The various mutualistic and antagonistic symbioses between fig trees (Ficus: Moraceae) and chalcid wasps comprise a community in microcosm. Phylogenetic estimates of figs and fig wasps show general topological correspondence, making the microcosm a model system for cophylogeny. Incongruence between phylogenies from associated organisms can be reconciled through a combination of evolutionary events. Cophylogeny mapping reconciles phylogenies by embedding an associate tree into a host tree, finding the optimal combinations of events capable of explaining incongruence and evaluating the level of codivergence. This review addresses the results of cophylogeny analysis concerning Ficus and discusses the plausibility of different evolutionary events. Five different associations encompassing fig-pollinator, fig-parasite and pollinator-parasitoid interactions are reconciled. The method improves on previous comparisons by employing 'jungles' to provide an exhaustive and quantitative analysis of cophylogeny. A jungle is a mechanism for inferring host switches and obtaining all potentially optimal solutions to the reconciliation problem. The results support the consensus that figs codiverge significantly with pollinators but not non-pollinators. However, pollinators still appear to have switched between hosts in contradiction to the traditional model of faithful codivergence. This emphasises the growing realisation that evolutionary transitions in the microcosm are more flexible than previously thought and host specificity is necessary but not sufficient for codivergence. The importance of sampling strategy is emphasised by the influence of taxon set on the fig-pollinator and fig-parasite jungles. Spurious significant results for fig-parasite and fig-parasitoid jungles indicate that the choice of congruence measure influences significance; the total number of events required to reconcile two trees ('total cost') is not a good measure of congruence when switches cannot be realistically weighted.