Monitoring storm tide from Hurricane Michael along the northwest coast of Florida, October 2018
Monitoring storm tide from Hurricane Michael along the northwest coast of Florida, October 2018
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监测 2018 年 10 月佛罗里达州西北海岸飓风迈克尔的风暴潮
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发表时间：
2019
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通讯作者：
M. Byrne
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作者：
M. Byrne
2018 年 10 月 10 日，飓风迈克尔在佛罗里达州狭长地带的墨西哥海滩和廷德尔空军基地附近登陆，最大持续风速超过每小时 160 英里。记录的最大风暴潮比 1988 年北美垂直基准面 (NAVD 88) 高出 15.55 英尺。佛罗里达州圣乔港的最高水位线高度超过 NAVD 88 20 英尺。风暴潮和大风摧毁了旅游小镇墨西哥海滩的大部分地区，并对周边社区造成了广泛破坏，包括廷德尔空军基地、巴拿马城海滩、圣乔港和佛罗里达州圣布拉斯角。美国地质调查局 (USGS) 与联邦紧急事务管理局和佛罗里达州紧急事务管理部合作，部署了临时水位监测网络佛罗里达州西北海岸 34 个地点的气压传感器用于记录飓风迈克尔产生的飓风风暴潮的时间、面积范围和强度。从佛罗里达州锡赛德到佛罗里达州锡达基的 331 个地点共恢复和测量了 522 个高水位线。美国地质调查局与联邦紧急事务管理署和佛罗里达州应急管理部合作，在美国地质调查局洪水上显示来自长期美国地质调查局水流站、快速部署监测站和国家海洋和大气管理局验潮站的实时水位数据，并通过卫星遥测每小时更新一次（或者在某些情况下更频繁）。事件查看器 (https://stn.wim.usgs.gov/FEV/#Michael2018)。简介 飓风迈克尔于 2018 年 10 月 10 日在佛罗里达狭长地带的墨西哥海滩和廷德尔空军基地附近登陆，最大持续风速超过每小时 160 英里（图 1；Beven 等，2019）。风暴潮和大风摧毁了人口 1,285 人的旅游小镇墨西哥海滩的大部分地区（佛罗里达大学经济和商业研究局，2018 年），并对周围社区造成了广泛破坏，包括廷德尔空军基地、巴拿马城海滩、圣乔港和佛罗里达州圣布拉斯角。风暴潮和大风主要影响从巴拿马城海滩到阿巴拉奇湾的佛罗里达狭长地带。风暴潮将建筑物从地基上冲走，破坏了道路，淹没了房屋和企业。风暴潮造成的损失估计超过 250 亿美元（国家海洋和大气管理局 [NOAA] 国家环境信息中心，2019 年）。美国地质调查局 (USGS) 与联邦紧急事务管理局和佛罗里达州紧急事务管理局合作，在佛罗里达州西北海岸的 36 个地点部署了由水位和气压传感器以及快速部署计 (RDG) 组成的临时监测网络，以记录飓风迈克尔产生的飓风风暴潮的时间、区域范围和强度（图 2）。根据美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA，2013）的定义，风暴潮是风暴潮和天文潮共同产生的水位上升。根据《罗伯特·T·斯塔福德救灾和紧急援助法案》（42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.）的规定，在联邦紧急事务管理署和佛罗里达州紧急事务管理部的指导任务分配下，部署传感器来测量水位和气压以及随后收集高水位线 (HWM) 是作为协调联邦紧急响应的一部分而完成的。飓风迈克尔风暴潮监测仪器 在选定的地点放置了水位和气压传感器（非实时传感器和实时 RDG），以增强现有的流量计和验潮计网络，以确保对预计将经历风暴潮的区域进行充分监测。非实时传感器记录连续数据，必须手动下载才能检索数据。实时 RDG 记录连续数据并传输 2 监测 2018 年 10 月佛罗里达州西北海岸飓风迈克尔的风暴潮
Hurricane Michael made landfall near Mexico Beach and Tyndall Air Force Base in the Florida Panhandle, with maximum sustained winds over 160 miles per hour, on October 10, 2018. The maximum recorded storm tide was 15.55 feet above the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). The elevation of the maximum high-water mark, found in Port St. Joe, Florida, exceeded 20 feet above NAVD 88. The storm tide and winds destroyed much of the tourist town of Mexico Beach and caused extensive damage to the surrounding communities, including Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City Beach, Port St. Joe, and Cape San Blas, Fla. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Federal Emergency Management Agency and Florida Division of Emergency Management, deployed a temporary monitoring network of water-level and barometric pressure sensors at 34 sites along the northwest coast of Florida to record the timing, areal extent, and magnitude of hurricane storm tide generated by Hurricane Michael. A total of 522 high-water marks were recovered and surveyed from 331 sites from Seaside, Fla. to Cedar Key, Fla. The USGS, in cooperation with Federal Emergency Management Agency and Florida Division of Emergency Management, displays real-time water-level data from long-term USGS streamflow stations, rapid deployment gages and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tide-gage stations, updated hourly (or, in some cases, more frequently), through satellite telemetry, on the USGS Flood Event Viewer (https://stn.wim. usgs.gov/FEV/#Michael2018). Introduction Hurricane Michael made landfall near Mexico Beach and Tyndall Air Force Base in the Florida Panhandle, with maximum sustained winds over 160 miles per hour, on October 10, 2018 (fig. 1; Beven and others, 2019). The storm tide and winds destroyed much of the tourist town of Mexico Beach, population 1,285 (University of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research, 2018), and caused extensive damage to the surrounding communities, including Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City Beach, Port St. Joe, and Cape San Blas, Florida. The storm tide and high winds predominately impacted the Florida Panhandle from Panama City Beach through Apalachee Bay. The storm tide swept buildings off their foundations, undermined roads, and flooded homes and businesses. The estimated cost of damages from the storm tide exceeds $25 billion (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] National Centers for Environmental Information, 2019). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Federal Emergency Management Agency and Florida Division of Emergency Management, deployed a temporary monitoring network of water-level and barometric pressure sensors and rapid deployment gages (RDGs) at 36 sites along the northwestern coast of Florida to record the timing, areal extent, and magnitude of hurricane storm tide generated by Hurricane Michael (fig. 2). Storm tide, as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, 2013), is the water-level rise generated by a combination of storm surge and astronomical tide. The deployment of sensors to measure water-level and barometric pressure and subsequent collection of high-water marks (HWMs) was completed as part of a coordinated Federal emergency response as outlined by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq.) under a directed mission assignment by the Federal Emergency Management Agency and Florida Division of Emergency Management. Hurricane Michael Storm-Tide Monitoring Instrumentation Water-level and barometric pressure sensors (non-real-time sensors and real-time RDGs) were placed at sites selected to augment existing streamgage and tide-gage networks to ensure adequate monitoring in areas forecasted to experience storm tide. Non-real-time sensors record continuous data and must be manually downloaded to retrieve the data. Real-time RDGs record continuous data and transmit 2 Monitoring Storm Tide From Hurricane Michael Along the Northwest Coast of Florida, October 2018