Molluscs for Sale: Assessment of Freshwater Gastropods and Bivalves in the Ornamental Pet Trade.
Molluscs for Sale: Assessment of Freshwater Gastropods and Bivalves in the Ornamental Pet Trade.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0161130
复制
发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Yeo DC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ng TH;Tan SK;Wong WH;Meier R;Chan SY;Tan HH;Yeo DC
观赏宠物贸易通常被认为是保护问题的罪魁祸首，如引入入侵物种（包括传染病）和过度捕捞稀有物种。在这里，我们提出了第一次评估的淡水软体动物在观赏宠物贸易在新加坡，观赏水族馆贸易的最重要的全球枢纽之一，并讨论相关的保护问题。我们记录了来自观赏宠物店和主要出口商的淡水软体动物，包括非观赏物种（例如，搭便车者，作为鱼饲料出售的软体动物）。我们记录了一个出乎意料的高多样性-59种-淡水双壳类和腹足类，其中大多数（38种或64%）来自东方地区。除形态学检查外，我们还对线粒体CO 1和16 S基因的DNA条形码区域进行了测序，为鉴定的确认和未来的重新鉴定提供分子数据。获得了50个物种的DNA条形码，并且除了四个之外，所有物种都以> 3%的未校正成对距离分开。贸易一直被认为是非本地物种引入新加坡的主要途径，我们发现，在15种贸易以及在新加坡的野生，12个引进或未知的起源，几乎一半的已知非本地淡水软体动物在新加坡。特别普遍的是非观赏物种：六个搭便车的水族馆植物和六个物种作为鱼饲料出售。我们发现，四分之一的贸易物种有引进的历史，其中包括11个已知的或潜在的入侵物种。我们的结论是，潜在的过度捕捞是难以评估的，因为只有一半的贸易物种已被世界自然保护联盟。其中，21个物种是最不受关注的，3个是数据不足的。我们的清单，以及随附的DNA条形码，图像和博物馆凭证，为未来的监测提供了重要的参考资料库，并为创造更可持续的观赏宠物贸易迈出了一步。
The ornamental pet trade is often considered a key culprit for conservation problems such as the introduction of invasive species (including infectious diseases) and overharvesting of rare species. Here, we present the first assessment of the biodiversity of freshwater molluscs in the ornamental pet trade in Singapore, one of the most important global hubs of the ornamental aquarium trade, and discuss associated conservation concerns. We recorded freshwater molluscs from ornamental pet shops and major exporters including non-ornamental species (e.g., hitchhikers, molluscs sold as fish feed). We recorded an unexpectedly high diversity—59 species—of freshwater bivalves and gastropods, with the majority (38 species or 64%) being from the Oriental region. In addition to morphological examination, we sequenced the DNA barcode region of mitochondrial CO1 and 16S genes to provide molecular data for the confirmation of the identification and for future re-identification. DNA barcodes were obtained for 50 species, and all but four were separated by > 3% uncorrected pairwise distances. The trade has been considered a main introduction pathway for non-native species to Singapore, and we found that out of 15 species in the trade as well as in the wild in Singapore, 12 are either introduced or of unknown origin, representing almost half of the known non-native freshwater molluscs in Singapore. Particularly prevalent are non-ornamental species: six hitchhikers on aquarium plants and six species sold as fish feed. We found that a quarter of the trade species have a history of introduction, which includes 11 known or potentially invasive species. We conclude that potential overharvesting is difficult to assess because only half of the trade species have been treated by IUCN. Of these, 21 species are of Least Concern and three are Data Deficient. Our checklist, with accompanying DNA barcodes, images, and museum vouchers, provides an important reference library for future monitoring, and constitutes a step toward creating a more sustainable ornamental pet trade.