Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia: The Reformist Intellectuals of the Early Twentieth Century
Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia: The Reformist Intellectuals of the Early Twentieth Century
复制标题
埃塞俄比亚变革的先驱：二十世纪初的改良主义知识分子
DOI：
10.2307/1515060
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发表时间：
2003
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Gebru Tareke
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gebru Tareke
巴鲁·祖德。埃塞俄比亚变革的先驱：二十世纪初的改良主义知识分子。雅典：俄亥俄大学出版社/牛津：James Currey，2002 年。xii + 228 页。照片。参考书目。指数。 49.95 美元。布。从十九世纪末，埃塞俄比亚在欧洲帝国主义面前确认其独立国家地位，到第二次世界大战爆发，意大利对其进行殖民统治，大量埃塞俄比亚人在世界不同地区接受了各个领域的世俗教育。通过接受教育和接触工业社会，他们痛苦地意识到自己社会的技术落后。与其他前工业化国家的同行一样，一些新知识分子热情地寻求对促进或阻碍埃塞俄比亚进入现代的国内外力量的新理解。作为“现代化”的倡导者，他们撰写了大量、深思熟虑且往往尖锐的文章，希望能够说服反动和排外的传统政体，让他们相信，在一个充满活力和快速变化的世界中，没有社会、经济和技术进步的政治独立并不能保证自由和国家的生存能力。他们的影响显然相当有限，当法西斯政府在 1937 年疯狂地屠杀知识分子时，他们所启动的创造性和充满活力的知识生活也被缩短了。《埃塞俄比亚变革先锋》讲述了这些充满目标和活力的非凡人物的生活、思想和遗产的精彩故事。通过利用大量的文献资料和直接采访，巴鲁·兹韦德写了一本薄薄但内容丰富的书，其简洁、清晰和公正性令人钦佩。 Bahru主要根据其形成时期将“先驱者”分为第一代和第二代。第一批人在梅尼莱克二世皇帝统治时期（1889-1913）在国内外接受教育。他们中的一些人在偶然移居到奥地利和印度等遥远的地方后，将学业归功于外国监护人或捐助者。其他的则由皇帝和他的表弟拉斯·马科宁 (Ras Makonnen) 赞助。然而，大多数人都是自学成才，通常是在天主教和新教传教士的帮助下。几乎所有著名的“改革派知识分子”，包括 Warqenah Eshate、Gabru Dasta、Gabra-Heywat Baykedan、Afawarq Gabra-Iyyasus、Takla-Hawaryat Takla-Maryam、Heruy Walda-Sellasse、Atsme-Giorgis Gabra-Masih、Gabra-Egziabher Gila-Maryam 和 Deressa 阿曼特，属于这一代人。第二代成员在 20 世纪 20 年代和 1930 年代通过国家和/或皇室资助在国外（主要是在法国）接受教育，他们的地位较低；他们写的东西很少，他们的改良主义愿景也更不明显。该组仅占据书中第一组空间的一半左右，并且似乎不值得那么多关注。不过，总体而言，对拓荒者生活及其沧桑的叙述是引人入胜的。这些个人肖像的篇幅从一页到七页不等，充满了令人回味的细节和启发性的轶事。二十世纪初的知识分子中坚分子都是具有伟大功绩的作家，尽管不能肯定他们都是改良主义者。尽管如此，作者关于“知识分子作为一个群体的产出令后世汗颜”（188）的判断可能是准确的。他们以博学、远见和雄辩的方式论述了埃塞俄比亚社会的几乎所有方面，从民族志和史学到奴隶制和政治经济学，他们呼吁在社会、经济、文化、教育和行政领域进行改革。例如，加布拉海瓦特和阿法瓦克对农民和民兵在乡村的掠夺活动的令人沮丧的描绘再生动、也更迷人。塔克拉-哈瓦里亚特对各种问题的轶事评论富有启发性和启发性，正如阿兹玛-乔治亚对奥罗莫人历史的观点具有令人耳目一新的创新性一样。 ……
Bahru Zewde. Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia: The Reformist Intellectuals of the Early Twentieth Century. Athens: Ohio University Press/Oxford: James Currey, 2002. xii + 228 pp. Photographs. Bibliography. Index. $49.95. Cloth. Between the end of the nineteenth century, when Ethiopia affirmed its independent statehood in the face of European imperialism, and the outbreak of World War II, when Italy colonized it, a good number of Ethiopians received secular education in various fields and in different parts of the world. Through their education and exposure to industrial societies they became painfully aware of the technical backwardness of their own society. Like their counterparts in other preindustrial countries, some of the new intellectuals passionately sought a new understanding of the domestic and external forces that facilitated or hindered Ethiopia's entry into the modern age. As advocates of "modernization," they wrote extensively, thoughtfully, and often incisively in the hope that they would persuade a reactionary and xenophobic traditional polity that political independence without social, economic, and technological progress was no guarantor of freedom and state viability in a dynamic and fast-changing world. Their impact was apparently quite limited, and the creative and vibrant intellectual life they set in motion was cut short when, in a state of frenzy, the fascist government decimated the intelligentsia in 1937. Pioneers of Change in Ethiopia is the fascinating story of the lives, ideas, and legacies of these extraordinary men of purpose and vitality. By drawing on a vast range of documentary sources and direct interviews, Bahru Zwede has written a slender but substantial book with admirable concision, clarity, and even-handedness. Bahru divides the "pioneers" into first and second generations mainly on the basis of their formative periods. The first group was educated at home and abroad during the reign of Emperor Menilek II (1889-1913). A few of them owed their schooling to foreign guardians or benefactors following their fortuitous migration to such far-flung places as Austria and India; others were sponsored by the emperor and his cousin, Ras Makonnen. The majority, however, were self-taught, often with the help of Catholic and Protestant missionaries. Nearly all the notable "reformist intellectuals," including Warqenah Eshate, Gabru Dasta, Gabra-Heywat Baykedan, Afawarq Gabra-Iyyasus, Takla-Hawaryat Takla-Maryam, Heruy Walda-Sellasse, Atsme-Giorgis Gabra-Masih, Gabra-Egziabher Gila-Maryam, and Deressa Amante, belonged to this generation. The members of the second generation, educated abroad (mostly in France) through state and/or royal patronage in the 1920s and 1930s, were of lesser stature; they wrote precious little and their reformist vision was much less visible. This group occupies just about half the space allotted to the first in the book and does not seem to be worthy of even that much attention. Overall, though, the narrative of the pioneers' lives, with all their vicissitudes, is compelling. The individual portraits, which vary from one to seven pages, are full of evocative detail and illuminating anecdotes. The intellectual stalwarts of the early twentieth century were writers of great merit, although it is not certain that they were all reformist. Still, the author's judgment that "the intellectuals as a group had an output that puts subsequent generations to shame" (188) is probably accurate. They wrote with erudition, foresight, and eloquence on nearly all aspects of Ethiopian society, ranging from ethnography and historiography to slavery and political economy, and they called for reforms in the social, economic, cultural, educational, and administrative spheres. For example, GabraHeywat's and Afawarq's depressing portrayals of the peasantry and the militia's predatory activities in the countryside could not have been more vivid and captivating. Takla-Hawaryat's anecdotal remarks on a variety of issues were revealing and stimulating, just as Atsma-Giorgia's perspective on the history of the Oromo was refreshingly innovative. …