Loss of graded enemy recognition in a Whitehead population allopatric with brood parasitic Long-tailed Cuckoos
Loss of graded enemy recognition in a Whitehead population allopatric with brood parasitic Long-tailed Cuckoos
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DOI：
10.1101/2020.02.21.958017
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发表时间：
2020-02
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Lawson;Nora Leuschner;B. Gill;J. K. Enos;M. Hauber
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Lawson;Nora Leuschner;B. Gill;J. K. Enos;M. Hauber
许多育雏寄生鸟类的鸟类宿主能够区分不同类型的威胁，并可能以截然不同的、特别是反掠夺或反寄生的行为做出反应。或者，主机可能会调整他们的反应，以分级的方式，在筑巢的奠定和孵化阶段，当巢是最容易受到寄生虫，更积极地回应育雏寄生虫，并更积极地巢捕食者在雏鸟和雏鸟阶段时，捕食将比寄生更昂贵。在新西兰，地方性主机白头行为不显眼的同域长尾杜鹃，他们的专性育雏寄生虫的存在下，他们的巢穴周围，也许是为了避免透露巢的位置。我们测试的行为反应的Whitehead人口的Tiritiri Matangi岛，已从杜鹃繁殖异地17年。我们提出了模型的异域寄生虫，同域捕食者（Mogurk猫头鹰），和同域的非威胁性的异种（宋画眉）在鸡蛋和小鸡阶段，和组的合作繁殖白头。我们比较了巢期和刺激类型的反应。我们发现，不像同域白头在新西兰其他地方，白头在蒂里蒂里Matangi生产报警电话响应布谷鸟模型。此外，对杜鹃和猫头鹰的报警呼叫率相似，并跨越蛋和鸡阶段，并高于对照刺激。这些结果是一致的异域白头失去了特定的抗寄生虫防御策略，以应对育雏寄生杜鹃。
Many avian hosts of brood parasitic birds discriminate between different types of threats and may respond with categorically different, specifically anti-predatory or anti-parasitic behaviors. Alternatively, hosts may adjust their responses to threat level in a graded manner, responding more aggressively to brood parasites during the laying and incubation stages of nesting, when nests are most susceptible to parasitism, and more aggressively to nest predators during the nestling and fledgling stages when predation would be more costly than parasitism. In New Zealand, endemic host Whiteheads act inconspicuously around their nests in the presence of sympatric Long-tailed Cuckoos, their obligate brood parasite, perhaps to avoid disclosing nest location. We tested behavioral responses of a Whitehead population on Tiritiri Matangi Island that has been breeding allopatrically from cuckoos for 17 years. We presented models of the allopatric parasite, a sympatric predator (Morepork Owl), and a sympatric non-threatening heterospecific (Song Thrush) during the egg and chick stages, and to groups of cooperatively breeding Whiteheads. We compared responses across nest stage and stimulus type. We found that, unlike sympatric Whiteheads elsewhere in New Zealand, Whiteheads on Tiritiri Matangi produced alarm calls in response to the cuckoo model. Furthermore, the rate of alarm calling was similar towards the cuckoo and the owl and across egg and chick stage and higher than to the control stimulus. These results are consistent with allopatric Whiteheads having lost their specific anti-parasitic defense tactics in response to brood parasitic cuckoos.