MDMA and heightened cortisol: a neurohormonal perspective on the pregnancy outcomes of mothers used 'Ecstasy' during pregnancy.
MDMA and heightened cortisol: a neurohormonal perspective on the pregnancy outcomes of mothers used 'Ecstasy' during pregnancy.
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MDMA 和皮质醇升高：从神经激素角度看待怀孕期间使用“摇头丸”的母亲的妊娠结局。
DOI：
10.1002/hup.2342
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Singer,LynnT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Parrott,AndrewC;Moore,DerekG;Turner,JohnJD;Goodwin,Julia;Min,MeeyoungO;Singer,LynnT
非法娱乐性药物3，4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺（MDMA）或摇头丸具有强烈的神经激素效应。当在舞蹈俱乐部和锐舞会上被娱乐用户服用时，它可以产生800%的压力激素皮质醇增加，而无药物的用户则显示皮质醇水平长期升高。这里的目的是批判性地辩论这种神经激素的影响，为怀孕的MDMA‐using mothers.MethodsHigh水平的皮质醇的儿童被称为是有害的神经心理生物健康的成年人。MDMA可以损害胎儿发育的实验室动物，和前瞻性药物和婴儿的研究建立监测MDMA的影响，采取娱乐由孕妇。ResultsThe药物和婴儿的研究表明，年轻的母亲，谁采取MDMA在怀孕的头三个月，生下了显着的毛精神发育迟滞的婴儿。这些母亲会经历高水平的皮质醇，由于Ectaline/MDMA的使用，因为皮质醇可以穿过胎盘，这是可能也发生在foetus.ConclusionsIn方面的因果关系，发育问题可能反映了神经递质和神经激素的影响下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的组合，与肾上腺素能活动的高水平的皮质醇的影响。版权所有© 2014约翰威利父子有限公司.
ObjectiveThe illicit recreational drug 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or Ecstasy has strong neurohormonal effects. When taken by recreational users at dance clubs and raves, it can generate an 800% increase in the stress hormone cortisol, whereas drug‐free users show chronically raised levels of cortisol. The aim here is to critically debate this neurohormonal influence for the children of pregnant MDMA‐using mothers.MethodsHigh levels of cortisol are known to be damaging for neuropsychobiological well‐being in adult humans. MDMA can damage foetal development in laboratory animals, and the prospective Drugs and Infancy Study was established to monitor the effects of MDMA taken recreationally by pregnant women.ResultsThe Drugs and Infancy Study revealed that young mothers, who took MDMA during the first trimester of pregnancy, gave birth to babies with significant gross psychomotor retardation. These mothers would have experienced high levels of cortisol due to Ecstasy/MDMA use, and since cortisol can cross the placenta, this is likely to have also occurred in the foetus.ConclusionsIn terms of causation, the developmental problems may reflect a combination of neurotransmitter and neurohormonal effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, with serotonergic activity being influenced by the high levels of cortisol. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.