Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Evaluations of Partisan Fairness in District-Based Democracies
Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Evaluations of Partisan Fairness in District-Based Democracies
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DOI：
10.1017/s000305541900056x
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发表时间：
2020-02-01
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Rosenblatt, Elizabeth
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Katz, Jonathan N.;King, Gary;Rosenblatt, Elizabeth
我们澄清了以地区为基础的民主选举制度的党派公平标准的理论基础，包括以前没有得到承认，正式化，或在某些情况下，甚至讨论的基本假设和定义。我们还提供了广泛的经验证据的假设与可观察到的影响。我们涵盖了党派对称，最普遍接受的公平标准，以及其他观点。在整个过程中，我们遵循统计推断的基本原则，在这篇文献中经常被忽视-单独定义感兴趣的数量，以便其措施可以被证明是错误的，评估和改进。这使我们能够证明，在许多新提出的公平性度量中，哪些是统计上适当的，哪些是有偏见的、有限的，或者根本不是它们试图估计的理论数量的度量。由于现实世界中的选区重划和不公正划分涉及复杂的政治，参与者众多，目标相互冲突，偏向党派公平的措施有时仍然提供了有用的描述选举制度的其他方面。
We clarify the theoretical foundations of partisan fairness standards for district-based democratic electoral systems, including essential assumptions and definitions not previously recognized, formalized, or in some cases even discussed. We also offer extensive empirical evidence for assumptions with observable implications. We cover partisan symmetry, the most commonly accepted fairness standard, and other perspectives. Throughout, we follow a fundamental principle of statistical inference too often ignored in this literature-defining the quantity of interest separately so its measures can be proven wrong, evaluated, and improved. This enables us to prove which of the many newly proposed fairness measures are statistically appropriate and which are biased, limited, or not measures of the theoretical quantity they seek to estimate at all. Because real-world redistricting and gerrymandering involve complicated politics with numerous participants and conflicting goals, measures biased for partisan fairness sometimes still provide useful descriptions of other aspects of electoral systems.