New insights from comprehensive on-road measurements of NOx, NO2 and NH3 from vehicle emission remote sensing in London, UK
New insights from comprehensive on-road measurements of NOx, NO2 and NH3 from vehicle emission remote sensing in London, UK
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DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.026
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发表时间：
2013-12-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Rhys-Tyler, Glyn
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carslaw, David C.;Rhys-Tyler, Glyn
在本文中，我们报告的第一个直接测量二氧化氮（NO2）在英国使用车辆排放遥感技术。从1985年到2012年，对近70，000辆汽车的NO，NO2和氨（NH3）进行了测量。这些测量结果与详细的车辆信息数据仔细匹配，以详细了解各种车辆的排放特性。整体而言，在过去15至20年，只有汽油燃料车辆的氮氧化物排放总量显着减少。而柴油车辆，包括那些设有后处理系统以减少氮氧化物排放量的车辆，所排放的氮氧化物在同一段时间内并没有减少。同样明显的是，车辆制造商对欧4/5柴油汽车和城市公交车的NO2排放有很大的影响。发动机较小的欧4/5柴油汽车也显示出比发动机较大的汽车排放更少的NO2。结果表明，从城市巴士安装选择性催化还原（SCR）的氮氧化物排放量与那些使用废气再循环的欧盟V期车辆，而减少约30%的氮氧化物的观察欧盟IV期和EEV车辆。然而，NO2的排放量因所使用的公交车技术而异。采用选择性催化还原技术的欧盟IV期巴士所排放的氮氧化物，几乎全部以氧化氮的形式存在，而采用增强型环保载具（EEV）所排放的氮氧化物中，约有30%以二氧化氮的形式存在。我们从卡车中发现了同样低的NO2含量（3.5- 12吨和> 12吨）。最后，我们表明，NH3的排放是最重要的老一代催化剂装备的汽油车和SCR装备的巴士。与2012年制造的汽车相比，20世纪90年代末制造的汽油汽车的NH3排放量减少了三分之一以上。表中列出了氮氧化物、二氧化氮和氨的排放系数，并附有不确定性，以协助编制新的排放清单。(C)2013作者由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。
In this paper we report the first direct measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the UK using a vehicle emission remote sensing technique. Measurements of NO, NO2 and ammonia (NH3) from almost 70,000 vehicles were made spanning vehicle model years from 1985 to 2012. These measurements were carefully matched with detailed vehicle information data to understand the emission characteristics of a wide range of vehicles in a detailed way. Overall it is found that only petrol fuelled vehicles have shown an appreciable reduction in total NOx emissions over the past 15-20 years. Emissions of NOx from diesel vehicles, including those with after-treatment systems designed to reduce emissions of NOx, have not reduced over the same period of time. It is also evident that the vehicle manufacturer has a strong influence on emissions of NO2 for Euro 4/5 diesel cars and urban buses. Smaller-engined Euro 4/5 diesel cars are also shown to emit less NO2 than larger-engined vehicles. It is shown that NOx emissions from urban buses fitted with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) are comparable to those using Exhaust Gas Recirculation for Euro V vehicles, while reductions in NOx of about 30% are observed for Euro IV and EEV vehicles. However, the emissions of NO2 vary widely dependent on the bus technology used. Almost all the NOx emission from Euro IV buses with SCR is in the form of NO, whereas EEV vehicles (Enhanced Environmentally friendly Vehicle) emit about 30% of the NOx as NO2. We find similarly low amounts of NO2 from trucks (3.5-12t and >12t). Finally, we show that NH3 emissions are most important for older generation catalyst-equipped petrol vehicles and SCR-equipped buses. The NH3 emissions from petrol cars have decreased by over a factor of three from the vehicles manufactured in the late 1990s compared with those manufactured in 2012. Tables of emission factors are presented for NOx, NO2 and NH3 together with uncertainties to assist the development of new emission inventories. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.