Formation of surface nanostructures on rutile (TiO2): comparative study of low-energy cluster ion and high-energy monoatomic ion impact
Formation of surface nanostructures on rutile (TiO2): comparative study of low-energy cluster ion and high-energy monoatomic ion impact
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金红石（TiO2）表面纳米结构的形成：低能簇离子与高能单原子离子撞击的对比研究
DOI：
10.1088/0022-3727/42/20/205303
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
C. Trautmann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
V. Popok;J. Jensen;S. Vuckovic;A. Macková;C. Trautmann
研究了注入千电子伏特能量团簇离子和兆电子伏特至千兆电子伏特能量多电荷重离子（Iq+、Taq+和Uq+）后在金红石（TiO2）表面形成的纳米结构的形成。尽管千电子伏能量团簇离子和兆电子伏能量单原子离子之间的停止和能量转移机制存在差异，但它们的撞击会导致类似类型的表面损伤，即弹坑。对于簇离子注入，弹坑是由多次碰撞效应（以核停止为主）以及传递到靶的高密度能量和动量引起的，而对于兆电子伏多带电离子的情况，弹坑可能是由于电子停止引起的库仑爆炸和快速能量转移而形成的。在十电子伏范围内的离子能量下，在表面上观察到纳米尺寸的突起，即所谓的小丘。建议电子停止导致连续轨迹的形成，并且传递的能量足够高以沿着整个射弹路径熔化材料。熔融相和固态相之间的张力的弹性回弹导致熔体的液体流动、膨胀和淬火，从而形成小丘。在不同环境条件（温度和大气）下进行的原子力显微镜测量表明，与未辐照的金红石表面相比，纳米级撞击点处的受损材料具有非常不同的亲水性（更高的亲水性或水吸附性）。
The formation of nanostructures on rutile (TiO2) surfaces formed after the implantation of kiloelectronvolt-energy cluster ions and megaelectronvolt- to gigaelectronvolt-energy multiply charged heavy ions (Iq+, Taq+ and Uq+) is studied. Despite the differences in stopping and energy transfer mechanisms between the kiloelectronvolt-energy cluster ions and megaelectronvolt-energy monoatomic ions, their impacts lead to a similar type of surface damage, namely craters. For the cluster ion implantation the craters are caused by the multiple-collision effect (dominated by nuclear stopping) and the high density of energy and momentum transferred to the target, while for the case of megaelectronvolt multiply charged ions the craters are probably formed due to the Coulomb explosion and fast energy transfer caused by the electronic stopping. At ion energies in the gigaelectronvolt range, nanosize protrusions, so-called hillocks, are observed on the surface. It is suggested that electronic stopping leads to the formation of continuous tracks and the transferred energy is high enough to melt the material along the whole projectile path. Elastic rebound of the tension between the molten and solid state phases leads to liquid flow, expansion and quenching of the melt, thus forming the hillocks. Atomic force microscopy measurements carried out under different environmental conditions (temperature and atmosphere) suggest that the damaged material at the nanosize impact spots has very different water affinity properties (higher hydrophilicity or water adsorption) compared with the non-irradiated rutile surface.