Pattern and timing of evolutionary divergences among hominoids based on analyses of complete mtDNAs
Pattern and timing of evolutionary divergences among hominoids based on analyses of complete mtDNAs
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DOI：
10.1007/bf02202113
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发表时间：
1996-12-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Xu, XF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arnason, U;Gullberg, A;Xu, XF
我们应用了一个新建立的分子/古生物学参考，即早于现在6000万年(MYBP)的偶指龙和鲸目动物之间的进化分离，对灵长类的分歧进行了检查和年代测定。由于形态变化与陆生生物向水生(海洋生物)的转变相吻合，而且动物的体型较大(这使得它们的化石更容易进行FMD)，从古生物学角度来看，与迄今应用于测定类人族分化的任何当地灵长类校正标记相比，可以在更窄的时间范围内定义这一参考。偶蹄类/鲸类参考文献(A/C-60)的应用表明，类人族的分化发生得比以前得出的结论要早得多。根据序列进化的同质率模型，原始人类的分化，即Hylobatidae(长臂猿)和Hominidae之间的分化，大约在36MYBP左右。Pongo(猩猩)和Gorilla-Panan(黑猩猩)-Homo之间的差异约为24.5MYBP，大猩猩与Home-PAN之间的差异约为18MYBP，而Homo与Pano之间的差异约为13.5MYBP。苏门答腊猩猩和婆罗洲猩猩之间的分裂大约是10.5 MYBP，普通黑猩猩和侏儒黑猩猩之间的分裂大约是7 MYBP。对单个基因(细胞色素b)的分析表明，卡他猴内部的分化，即人总科和东半球猴之间的分化，发生在人总科和东半球猴之间；人总科内的分化发生在人总科和扁尾猴(新大陆猴)之间；人总科和原猴之间的分化大约发生在80MYBP之间。这些分离时间大约是以前用来作为类人族分歧测年参考的时间的两倍。目前的发现自动暗示类人DNA(线粒体和核)的进化速度比人们通常认为的要慢得多。
We have examined and dated primate divergences by applying a newly established molecular/paleontological reference, the evolutionary separation between artiodactyls and cetaceans anchored at 60 million years before present (MYBP). Owing to the morphological transformations coinciding with the transition from terrestrial to aquatic (marine) life and the large body size of the animals (which makes their fossils easier to fmd), this reference can be defined, paleontologically, within much narrower time limits compared to any local primate calibration marker hitherto applied for dating hominoid divergences. Application of the artiodactyl/cetacean reference (A/C-60) suggests that hominoid divergences took place much earlier than has been concluded previously. According to a homogenous-rate model of sequence evolution, the primary hominoid divergence, i.e., that between the families Hylobatidae (gibbons) and Hominidae, was dated at approximate to 36 MYBP. The corresponding dating for the divergence between Pongo (orangutan) and Gorilla-Pan (chimpanzee) -Homo is approximate to 24.5 MYBP, that for Gorilla vs Home-Pan is approximate to 18 MYBP, and that for Homo vs Pan approximate to 13.5 MYBP. The split between Sumatran and Bornean orangutans was dated at approximate to 10.5 MYBP and that between the common and pygmy chimpanzees at approximate to 7 MYBP. Analyses of a single gene (cytochrome b) suggest that the divergence within the Catarrhini, i.e., between Hominoidea and Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea), took place >40 MYBP; that within the Anthropoidea, i.e., between Catarrhini and Platyrrhini (New World monkeys), >60 MYBP; and that between Anthropoidea and Prosimii (lemur), approximate to 80 MYBP. These separation times are about two times more ancient than those applied previously as references for the dating of hominoid divergences. The present findings automatically imply a much slower evolution in hominoid DNA (both mitochondrial and nuclear) than commonly recognized.