The shape of personal space
The shape of personal space
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DOI：
10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.12.009
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发表时间：
2019-02-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Longo, Matthew R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hecht, Heiko;Welsch, Robin;Longo, Matthew R.
围绕自我中心的个人空间的概念由来已久。然而，很少有人试图测量这个空间的形状。随着虚拟环境的使用越来越多，如果现实世界的方面，如性别效应或个人空间的形状，转化为虚拟设置的问题已经出现。我们进行了两个实验，一个是在大型实验室环境中根据身高和认识程度匹配的真实的人，另一个是受试者面对一个虚拟角色，同样与他们的身高匹配。第一个实验也使用了人体模型代替第二个人类观察者。第二个实验还操纵了受试者的视角，以比较自我中心和非自我中心视角（第三人称视角）之间的人际距离估计。受试者接近（或接近）从不同的角度，直到一个舒适的距离与陌生人交谈达到（停止距离任务）。个人空间原来是相当圆的半径约1米。男性对保持更大的距离比女性或混合性别对彼此。与真实的观察者相比，所有受试者都假设与人体模型的距离更大。在虚拟环境中，非常接近的距离比化身更受欢迎。无论是主动靠近，还是被靠近，或者只是调整两个分身之间的距离。个人空间理论的影响进行了讨论。
The notion of a personal space surrounding one's ego-center is time-honored. However, few attempts have been made to measure the shape of this space. With increasing use of virtual environments, the question has arisen if real-world aspects, such as gender-effects or the shape of personal space, translate to virtual setups. We conducted two experiments, one with real people matched according to body height and level of acquaintance in a large laboratory setting, and one where subjects faced a virtual character, likewise matched to their body height. The first experiment also used a mannequin in place of the second human observer. The second experiment additionally manipulated the perspective of the subject to compare estimates of interpersonal distance between an egocentric and an allocentric perspective (in third-person view). Subjects approached (or were approached) from different angles until a comfortable distance for conversation with a stranger was reached (stop-distance task). Personal space turned out to be rather circular with a radius of about 1 m. Male pairs kept larger distances from one another than female or mixed-gender pairs. All subjects assumed larger distances to the mannequin compared to the real observer. Very comparable distances were preferred to the avatar in the virtual environment. Also, it did not matter whether the subject was engaged in active approach, was approached, or merely adjusted the distance between two avatars. Implications for theories of personal space are discussed.