The emergence and diffusion of DNA microarray technology.
The emergence and diffusion of DNA microarray technology.
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DOI：
10.1186/1747-5333-1-11
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发表时间：
2006-08-22
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Giannella E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lenoir T;Giannella E
在科学技术经济学的研究人员中广泛采用的创新网络模型假设了公司和学术研究项目之间相对漏洞百出的边界，以及大学和行业创新地点之间的发明、人员和隐性知识的双向流动。此外，该模型还表明，这些双向流动应该被视为产业界和学术界对研究和发明的相互刺激，作为一个正反馈循环运行。这种双向流动的一个方面--即通过大学技术许可将发明流入工业--已经得到了很好的研究；但通过吸收工业产生的新方向来刺激大学研究的相反现象还有待详细调查。我们讨论了联邦资助在微阵列领域的学术研究的作用，以及联邦支持商业微阵列技术发展的多种途径，通过这些途径改变了核心学术研究领域。我们的研究证实了几位学者提出的观点，即网络经济的开放性是使它们真正具有创新性的原因。在一个开放的系统中，创新来自网络。我们在这里追踪到的微阵列技术的出现和传播提供了一个很好的例子，说明开放的创新系统正在发挥作用。无论它们起源于像Affymax这样的初创公司环境，还是像安捷伦这样的大公司的研究实验室，还是在研究型大学内部，我们跟踪的发明者在将微阵列平台公之于众的过程中，大量利用了网络各个部分的知识资源。在微阵列早期历史的几个阶段，联邦对高科技初创企业和新工业发展的资助是重要的，而联邦对使用微阵列的学术研究人员的资助是改变学术界几个领域研究议程的根本。关于联邦资助的作用的典型故事强调了联邦资助的学术研究对工业的溢出效应。我们的研究表明，知识溢出是双向的，联邦对非大学研究的资助为重塑几个学术领域的研究议程提供了动力。
The network model of innovation widely adopted among researchers in the economics of science and technology posits relatively porous boundaries between firms and academic research programs and a bi-directional flow of inventions, personnel, and tacit knowledge between sites of university and industry innovation. Moreover, the model suggests that these bi-directional flows should be considered as mutual stimulation of research and invention in both industry and academe, operating as a positive feedback loop. One side of this bi-directional flow – namely; the flow of inventions into industry through the licensing of university-based technologies – has been well studied; but the reverse phenomenon of the stimulation of university research through the absorption of new directions emanating from industry has yet to be investigated in much detail. We discuss the role of federal funding of academic research in the microarray field, and the multiple pathways through which federally supported development of commercial microarray technologies have transformed core academic research fields. Our study confirms the picture put forward by several scholars that the open character of networked economies is what makes them truly innovative. In an open system innovations emerge from the network. The emergence and diffusion of microarray technologies we have traced here provides an excellent example of an open system of innovation in action. Whether they originated in a startup company environment that operated like a think-tank, such as Affymax, the research labs of a large firm, such as Agilent, or within a research university, the inventors we have followed drew heavily on knowledge resources from all parts of the network in bringing microarray platforms to light. Federal funding for high-tech startups and new industrial development was important at several phases in the early history of microarrays, and federal funding of academic researchers using microarrays was fundamental to transforming the research agendas of several fields within academe. The typical story told about the role of federal funding emphasizes the spillovers from federally funded academic research to industry. Our study shows that the knowledge spillovers worked both ways, with federal funding of non-university research providing the impetus for reshaping the research agendas of several academic fields.