Analyzing Egypt's water footprint based on trade balance and expenditure inequality
Analyzing Egypt's water footprint based on trade balance and expenditure inequality
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.266
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发表时间：
2018-10
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Shimaa M. Wahba;K. Scott;J. Steinberger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Shimaa M. Wahba;K. Scott;J. Steinberger
埃及是一个非常干旱的国家，人口的快速增长使水需求超过了其每年的恒定供应。根据Falkenmark水压力指标，埃及已达到严重和长期缺水的程度，限制了其实现经济发展目标的能力。为此，我们的研究有两个基本目标：[1]追踪埃及虚拟水（VW）贸易对其真实的水可用性的影响，[2]分析家庭消费模式对埃及水可用性的影响。因此，我们在埃及进行了基于消费的用水分析，使用埃及和世界其他地区之间的区域间投入产出（IRIO）模型。实现第一个目标，埃及的国家水足迹（NWF）和它的大众净出口的57个生产部门的计算。我们的研究结果表明，埃及通过进口节省了8%的NWF，主要体现在小麦上。然而，埃及实际上净出口其总可用淡水资源的12%，主要体现在饲料，苜蓿和水稻。为了理解研究的第二个目标，家庭NWF每产品与他们的年度直接用水进行了比较。结果表明，它们直接消耗11%的水，虚拟消耗89%。此外，城市和农村人均NWF是根据其不同的支出模式计算的。结果表明，城镇居民家庭的人均非物质财富比农村居民家庭高出约17%，反映了两者不同的消费模式。除了农产品和纺织品之外，城市居民的所有产品消费量都较大。埃及家庭消费中的水加剧了水资源短缺危机。这种影响在依赖水的农业和动物产品中尤其明显。此外，我们的研究结果表明，有必要监测国际贸易和淡水的虚拟流量时，探讨淡水稀缺的问题。
Egypt is a very arid country, with a rapidly growing population driving water demand beyond its annual constant supply. According to Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator, Egypt has reached a high and chronic water scarcity level that restricts its ability to accomplish economic development goals. To this end, our study has two fundamental goals; [1] tracing the effects of Egypt Virtual Water (VW) trade on its real water availability, and [2] analyzing the effects of household consumption patterns on Egypt's water availability. We have thus conducted a consumption-based analysis of water use in Egypt, using an interregional input-output (IRIO) model between Egypt and the Rest of the World. Achieving the first goal, Egypt's National Water Footprint (NWF) and it's VW net exports for 57 sectors of production are calculated. Our results indicate that Egypt saves 8% of its NWF through imports, embodied mainly in wheat. However, Egypt virtually net exports 12% of its total available freshwater resources, embodied mainly in feed, alfalfa, and paddy rice. To understand the study second goal, households NWF per product are compared with their annual direct water use. Results indicate that they consume 11% of water directly and 89% virtually. Also, urban, and rural NWF per capita are calculated according to their different patterns of expenditure. Results show that urban NWF per capita is roughly 17% higher than that of rural households, reflecting their different consumption patterns. Urban citizens consume larger amounts of all products, excluding agricultural and textile products. The water embodied in household consumption in Egypt exacerbates the water scarcity crises. This effect is particularly seen in water reliant agricultural and animal products. Also, our results show the need to monitor international trade and the virtual flows of freshwater when exploring issues around freshwater scarcity.