The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. III. Substructures in Protostellar Disks
The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. III. Substructures in Protostellar Disks
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DOI：
10.3847/1538-4357/abbad5
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发表时间：
2020-10
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Sheehan;J. Tobin;S. Federman;S. Megeath;L. Looney
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作者：
P. Sheehan;J. Tobin;S. Federman;S. Megeath;L. Looney
在1000 - 1000万年前的原行星盘中普遍存在的子结构，通常与行星的形成有关，这提出了这样的特征如何早期形成的问题，以及作为一个推论，如何早期行星形成开始。在这里，我们提出了从甚大阵列/阿塔卡马大毫米/亚毫米阵列初生盘和猎户座原恒星的多重性调查（VANDAM：猎户座）的七个原恒星盘（年龄为100万至100万年）的观察，显示出清晰的子结构，从而表明这些功能可以在盘的寿命早期形成。我们使用简单的分析模型以及详细的辐射传输模型来表征它们的结构。特别是，我们表明，至少有四个源有相对大规模的信封，这表明他们是特别年轻的，可能是最年轻的磁盘与子结构已知的日期。这些圆盘中的几个也具有来自偏离环形结构中心的内盘的发射。然而，考虑到盘上被清除区域的大小，目前还不清楚这些特征是否与行星形成有关，或者它们是否是早期近距离双星形成的标志。
The prevalence of substructures in ∼1–10 Myr old protoplanetary disks, which are often linked to planet formation, has raised the question of how early such features form and, as a corollary, how early planet formation begins. Here we present observations of seven protostellar disks (aged ∼ 0.1–1 Myr) from the Very Large Array/Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array Nascent Disk and Multiplicity Survey of Orion Protostars (VANDAM: Orion) that show clear substructures, thereby demonstrating that these features can form early in the lifetimes of disks. We use simple analytic models as well as detailed radiative transfer modeling to characterize their structure. In particular we show that at least four of the sources have relatively massive envelopes, indicating that they are particularly young, likely the youngest disks with substructures known to date. Several of these disks also have emission from an inner disk that is offset from the center of the ring structure. Given the size of the cleared-out regions of the disk, it is unclear, however, whether these features are related to planet formation, or rather if they are signposts of close-separation binary formation at early times.