Plastid Biotechnology: Food, Fuel, and Medicine for the 21st Century
Plastid Biotechnology: Food, Fuel, and Medicine for the 21st Century
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DOI：
10.1104/pp.110.170969
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发表时间：
2011-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Bock, Ralph
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Maliga, Pal;Bock, Ralph
植物细胞中含有DNA的细胞室包括核、质体和线粒体。核基因组编码大约29,000到32,000个基因，是生物技术应用中最常见的目标。由叶绿体和线粒体基因组编码的基因数量要少得多，分别约为120和60。通过改造细胞器基因组可以改变的过程的数量比基因的数量要多得多。这是因为大约10%的核基因产物是针对叶绿体的，大约10%是针对线粒体的(Leister，2003)，这使得这些核编码的过程适合于质组工程的操作。通过操纵叶绿体基因组获得的性状不受植物基因含量的限制，因为整合来自异源的新基因或基因簇可能会使叶绿体的生物合成能力超出自然提供的范围。对叶绿体基因组(叶绿体；叶绿体DNA或ptDNA)的工程首先在单细胞绿藻莱茵衣藻(Boynton等人，1988年)中完成，随后在开花植物烟草(Nictiana Tabacum)(Svab等人，1990)中进行叶绿体转化。自1988年以来，叶绿体转化已经扩展到一系列不同的物种(见下文)。然而，商业应用正在滞后，目前还没有利用这项技术进行商业种植的作物。本文着重介绍了质组工程的原理，并重点介绍了近年来的研究进展。大多数例子将在烟草中描述，烟草是叶绿体工程的模式物种。有关叶绿体的生物技术应用的更多信息
DNA-containing cellular compartments in plant cells are the nucleus, plastids, and mitochondria. The nuclear genome, encoding approximately 29,000 to 32,000 genes, is the most common target for biotechnological applications. The number of genes encoded by the plastid and mitochondrial genomes is much smaller, approximately 120 and approximately 60, respectively. The number of processes that may be modified by engineering the organellar genomes is much higher than the number of genes would suggest. That is because approximately 10% of the nuclear gene products are targeted to plastids and approximately 10% to mitochondria (Leister, 2003), making these nucleus-encoded processes amenable to manipulation by plastome engineering. Traits that may be engineered by plastid genome manipulation are not restricted by the plant’s gene content, because incorporating new genes or gene clusters from heterologous sources may expand the plastid’s biosynthetic repertoire beyond what is provided by nature.Engineering of the plastid genomes (plastomes; plastid DNA or ptDNA) was first accomplished in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular green alga (Boynton et al., 1988), followed by plastid transformation in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a flowering plant species (Svab et al., 1990). Since 1988, plastid transformation has been expanded to a diverse group of species (see below). However, commercial applications are lagging behind, and currently no crops are grown commercially utilizing this technology. This review focuses on the principles of plastome engineering and highlights recent developments. Most examples will be described in tobacco, which is the model species of plastid engineering. Additional information on the biotechnological applications of plastid trans-