Extraocular muscle activity, rapid eye movements and the development of active and quiet sleep
Extraocular muscle activity, rapid eye movements and the development of active and quiet sleep
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04322.x
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发表时间：
2005-08-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Blumberg, MS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Seelke, AMH;Karlsson, KAE;Blumberg, MS
快速眼动（REM），传统上使用眼电图（EOG）测量，有助于描述成人的活跃睡眠。然而，在婴儿早期，它们并不明确表达。在这里，我们测量了3日龄（P3），P8和P14-15的幼鼠的眼外肌活动，以评估REM的个体发生及其与其他形式的睡眠相关阶段活动的关系。我们发现，眼外肌抽搐和快速眼动之间的因果关系在产后前两周内得到加强，反映出眼外肌对眼睛运动的控制增强。然而，早在P3，眼外肌抽搐的相位爆发与其他肌群的抽搐同步发生，产生相位活动波，其间穿插着短暂的静止期。令人惊讶的是，标准EOG测量不可见的眼外肌的张力与其他肌群的张力同步波动;背外侧脑桥被盖内的局灶性电刺激（已显示P8大鼠中包含唤醒神经元的区域）导致项肌和眼外肌同时激活高张力。最后，当在P14时观察到状态依赖的新皮层脑电图活动时，它已经完全与单独使用肌电图标准定义的睡眠和觉醒相结合;这一发现与这个年龄段婴儿的主动睡眠是“半激活”的概念不一致。“总之，这些结果表明出生后不久睡眠的时间组织非常精致，并强调了横纹肌和新皮层中同源激活状态的可能功能意义。
Rapid eye movements (REMs), traditionally measured using the electrooculogram (EOG), help to characterize active sleep in adults. In early infancy, however, they are not clearly expressed. Here we measured extraocular muscle activity in infant rats at 3 days of age (P3), P8 and P14-15 in order to assess the ontogeny of REMs and their relationship with other forms of sleep-related phasic activity. We found that the causal relationship between extraocular muscle twitches and REMs strengthened during the first two postnatal weeks, reflecting increased control of the extraocular muscles over eye movements. As early as P3, however, phasic bursts of extraocular muscle twitching occurred in synchrony with twitching in other muscle groups, producing waves of phasic activity interspersed with brief periods of quiescence. Surprisingly, the tone of the extraocular muscles, invisible to standard EOG measures, fluctuated in synchrony with the tone of other muscle groups; focal electrical stimulation within the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, an area that has been shown to contain wake-on neurons in P8 rats, resulted in the simultaneous activation of high tone in both nuchal and extraocular muscles. Finally, when state-dependent neocortical electroencephalographic activity was observed at P14, it had already integrated fully with sleep and wakefulness as defined using electromyographic criteria alone; this finding is not consistent with the notion that active sleep in infants at this age is 'half-activated.' All together, these results indicate exquisite temporal organization of sleep soon after birth and highlight the possible functional implications of homologous activational states in striated muscle and neocortex.