Evolutionary foundations for cancer biology.

Evolutionary foundations for cancer biology.
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DOI:
10.1111/eva.12034
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发表时间:
2013-01
影响因子:
4.1
通讯作者:
Nesse RM
Nesse RM
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Aktipis CA;Nesse RM

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进化生物学的新应用正在改变我们对癌症的理解。这期特刊中的文章提供了许多具体的例子,如诱发癌症的微生物,肿瘤内异质性的意义,以及低剂量化疗有时可能促进更长生存期的可能性。这些具体进展的背后是一个大规模的转变,因为癌症研究将进化方法纳入其工具包,并提出了关于我们为什么容易患癌症的新进化问题。进化论解释了为什么癌症存在,肿瘤如何生长,为什么癌症非常罕见,以及为什么尽管有强大的癌症抑制机制,它还是会发生。癌症的存在是因为体细胞选择;体细胞中的突变导致一些细胞分裂得比其他细胞快,在某些情况下产生肿瘤。新生物在复杂的细胞生态系统中生长或不生长。由于自然选择,癌症相对罕见;我们的基因组是从具有有效抑制癌症机制的个体中衍生出来的。然而,癌症的发生有同样的六个进化原因,这些原因解释了为什么我们仍然容易受到其他疾病的影响。这四个原则癌症通过体细胞选择进化,肿瘤在复杂的生态系统中生长,自然选择塑造了强大的癌症防御,而这些防御的局限性具有进化解释性,为理解,预防和治疗癌症提供了基础。
New applications of evolutionary biology are transforming our understanding of cancer. The articles in this special issue provide many specific examples, such as microorganisms inducing cancers, the significance of within-tumor heterogeneity, and the possibility that lower dose chemotherapy may sometimes promote longer survival. Underlying these specific advances is a large-scale transformation, as cancer research incorporates evolutionary methods into its toolkit, and asks new evolutionary questions about why we are vulnerable to cancer. Evolution explains why cancer exists at all, how neoplasms grow, why cancer is remarkably rare, and why it occurs despite powerful cancer suppression mechanisms. Cancer exists because of somatic selection; mutations in somatic cells result in some dividing faster than others, in some cases generating neoplasms. Neoplasms grow, or do not, in complex cellular ecosystems. Cancer is relatively rare because of natural selection; our genomes were derived disproportionally from individuals with effective mechanisms for suppressing cancer. Cancer occurs nonetheless for the same six evolutionary reasons that explain why we remain vulnerable to other diseases. These four principles—cancers evolve by somatic selection, neoplasms grow in complex ecosystems, natural selection has shaped powerful cancer defenses, and the limitations of those defenses have evolutionary explanations—provide a foundation for understanding, preventing, and treating cancer.
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