Organization of face and object recognition in modular neural network models
Organization of face and object recognition in modular neural network models
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DOI：
10.1016/s0893-6080(99)00050-7
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发表时间：
1999-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.8
通讯作者：
Cottrell, GW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dailey, MN;Cottrell, GW
有强有力的证据表明，大脑对人脸的处理是局部的。面部失认症是脑损伤后出现的一种面部识别缺陷，而视觉物体失认症是识别其他复杂物体的困难，两者之间的双重分离表明，面部和非面部物体的识别可能是由部分独立的神经机制完成的。在本文中，我们使用计算模型来说明，命运处理的专一化显然是面孔失认症和视觉物体失认症的基础，这可能归因于：(1)在发育过程中，一种相对简单的竞争选择机制，将神经资源投入到他们最擅长执行的任务中；(2)发育中的婴儿需要在早期对面孔进行下级分类（识别）；(3)婴儿出生时的低视力。受de Schonen， Mancini和Liegeois的论点（1998）的启发[de Schonen， S., Mancini， J., Liegeois， F.(1998)]。关于功能性皮质专门化：人脸识别的发展。见：F. Simon & G. Butterworth，《感觉、运动的发展》；婴儿早期的认知能力（第103-116页）。Hove, UK: Psychology Press)认为，这些因素可能会使视觉系统产生偏差，从而发展出一个对人脸识别特别有用的处理子系统，Jacobs和Kosslyn的实验（1994）[Jacobs, r.a., & Kosslyn， S.M.(1994)]。形状和空间关系的编码——感受野大小在协调互补表征中的作用。认知科学，18(3)，361-368]在混合专家（ME）建模范式中，我们提供了该理论如何解释面部和物体处理之间的双重分离的初步计算演示。提出了视觉处理的两个前馈计算模型。在这两个模型中，选择机制是一个门控网络，它调解了试图对输入刺激进行分类的模块之间的竞争。在模型1中，当模块是简单的无偏分类器时，竞争足以实现足够的专业化，损坏一个模块对模型的人脸识别的损害大于对对象识别的损害，损坏另一个模块对模型的对象识别的损害大于对人脸识别的损害。然而，由于该模型需要对参数空间进行搜索，因此并不完全令人满意。在模型ii中，我们探索了导致更一致的专业化的偏差。我们通过提供一个低空间频率信息和另一个高空间频率信息来对模块进行偏置。在这种情况下。当模型的任务是人脸的下级分类和物体的上级分类时，低空间频率网络对人脸的专门化更强。没有其他任务和输入的组合显示出这种强烈的专门化。我们认为这些结果支持这样一种观点，即类似于面部处理“模块”的东西可能是婴儿发育环境的自然结果，而不是先天指定的。(C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd.出版版权所有。
There is strong evidence that face processing in the brain is localized. The double dissociation between prosopagnosia, a face recognition deficit occurring after brain damage, and visual object agnosia, difficulty recognizing other kinds of complex objects, indicates that face and non-face object recognition may be served by partially independent neural mechanisms. In this paper, we use computational models to show how the fate processing specialization apparently underlying prosopagnosia and visual object agnosia could be attributed to (1) a relatively simple competitive selection mechanism that, during development, devotes neural resources to the tasks they are best at performing, (2) the developing infant's need to perform subordinate classification (identification) of faces early on: and (3) the infant's low visual acuity at birth. Inspired by de Schonen, Mancini and Liegeois' arguments (1998) [de Schonen, S., Mancini, J., Liegeois, F. (1998). About functional cortical specialization: the development of face recognition. In: F. Simon & G. Butterworth, The development of sensory, motor; and cognitive capacities in early infancy (pp. 103-116). Hove, UK: Psychology Press] that factors like these could bias the visual system to develop a processing subsystem particularly useful for face recognition, and Jacobs and Kosslyn's experiments (1994) [Jacobs, R.A., & Kosslyn, S.M. (1994). Encoding shape and spatial relations-the role of receptive field size in coordination complementary representations. Cognitive Science, 18(3), 361-368] in the mixtures of experts (ME) modeling paradigm, we provide a preliminary computational demonstration of how this theory accounts for the double dissociation between face and object processing. We present two feed-forward computational models of visual processing. In both models, the selection mechanism is a gating network that mediates a competition between modules attempting to classify input stimuli. In Model I, when the modules are simple unbiased classifiers, the competition is sufficient to achieve enough of a specialization that damaging one module impairs the model's face recognition more than its object recognition, and damaging the other module impairs the model's object recognition more than its face recognition. However, the model is not completely satisfactory because it requires a search of parameter space. With Model Il, we explore biases that lead to more consistent specialization. We bias the modules by providing one with low spatial frequency information and the other with high spatial frequency information. In this case. when the model's task is subordinate classification of faces and superordinate classification of objects, the low spatial frequency network shows an even stronger specialization for faces. No other combination of tasks and inputs shows this strong specialization. We take these results as support for the idea that something resembling a face processing "module" could arise as a natural consequence of the infant's developmental environment without being innately specified. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.