The operational analysis of psychological terms
The operational analysis of psychological terms
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心理学术语的操作分析
DOI：
--
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发表时间：
1945
影响因子：
29.3
通讯作者：
B. F. Skinner
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. F. Skinner
操作主义的主要贡献一直是消极的，主要是因为操作主义者未能区分逻辑理论的参考语言的经验帐户。行为主义从来没有完成口头报告的充分表述，因此不能令人信服地接受主观术语。但是，对私人刺激的言语反应可以通过言语社区安排的强化偶然性作为社会产品出现。在分析传统的心理学术语时，我们需要知道它们的刺激条件（“找到所指”），以及为什么每个反应都受该条件控制。在刺激存在的情况下，言语反应的一致强化以刺激作用于说话者和强化社区为前提，但主观术语显然是对私人刺激的反应，缺乏这一特征。私人刺激是物理的，但我们不能通过指向控制刺激来解释这些言语反应，我们也没有展示言语社区如何建立和维持强化偶然性的必要一致性。对私人刺激的言语反应可以通过基于公共刺激的适当强化来维持，或者通过对公共刺激做出反应的强化来维持，然后通过泛化发生私人情况。这些偶然性帮助我们理解为什么私人术语从来没有形成一个稳定和统一的词汇：不可能建立严格的私人刺激词汇供公众使用，因为差异强化不能依赖于隐私的属性。私人事件的语言植根于言语社区的公共实践，只有通过区别性地加强他们对自己身体的言语反应，才能让个人意识到。根据言语反应和刺激之间的这种功能关系来处理言语行为，为方法论行为主义者的操作主义提供了一种激进的行为主义替代方案。
Abstract The major contributions of operationism have been negative, largely because operationists failed to distinguish logical theories of reference from empirical accounts of language. Behaviorism never finished an adequate formulation of verbal reports and therefore could not convincingly embrace subjective terms. But verbal responses to private stimuli can arise as social products through the contingencies of reinforcement arranged by verbal communities. In analyzing traditional psychological terms, we need to know their stimulus conditions (“finding the referent”), and why each response is controlled by that condition. Consistent reinforcement of verbal responses in the presence of stimuli presupposes stimuli acting upon both the speaker and the reinforcing community, but subjective terms, which apparently are responses to private stimuli, lack this characteristic. Private stimuli are physical, but we cannot account for these verbal responses by pointing to controlling stimuli, and we have not shown how verbal communities can establish and maintain the necessary consistency of reinforcement contingencies. Verbal responses to private stimuli may be maintained through appropriate reinforcement based on public accompaniments, or through reinforcements accorded responses made to public stimuli, with private cases then occurring by generalization. These contingencies help us understand why private terms have never formed a stable and uniform vocabulary: It is impossible to establish rigorous vocabularies of private stimuli for public use, because differential reinforcement cannot be made contingent upon the property of privacy. The language of private events is anchored in the public practices of the verbal community, which make individuals aware only by differentially reinforcing their verbal responses with respect to their own bodies. The treatment of verbal behavior in terms of such functional relations between verbal responses and stimuli provides a radical behaviorist alternative to the operationism of methodological behaviorists.
药物对重复获得的影响：累积和非累积剂量的比较。
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Thompson,DM;Moerschbaecher,JM;Winsauer,PJ
通讯作者：
Winsauer,PJ
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
SIDMAN, M;RAUZIN, R;CARRIGAN, P
通讯作者：
CARRIGAN, P