Perspective taking and self-awareness: Drawing an E on your forehead.
Perspective taking and self-awareness: Drawing an E on your forehead.
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换位思考和自我意识：在额头上画一个E。
DOI：
10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.788
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发表时间：
1984
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
R. Hass
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Hass
自我意识理论假设，个体将注意力向外或向内引导，作为情境特征的一种功能。从字面上理解这个理论，假设以自我为中心的s会在他们的额头上画一个大写字母E，这样E就会面向观察者的外部视角。注意力向外的人会画出一个E，这个E对另一个人来说是向后的。根据假设，在175名女大学生的3个实验中，高自我关注条件下的女生比低自我关注条件下的女生在额头上画一个面向外部观察者视角的E的频率要高得多，尽管她们认为自己不可能被其他人观察到。使用放置在S的侧面（实验I）或S的后面（实验II）的摄像机诱导自对焦，在那里它不能记录E是如何绘制的。在实验三中，使用录音机诱导自我集中注意。结果表明，听觉自聚焦操作可以诱导外部反射性视觉视角。此外，在实验3中，当情境诱导的自我关注较低时，公共自我意识高的学生比公共自我意识低的学生更有可能从外部角度画出E。个人自我意识的程度与视角采取无关。（13 ref）（PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA，版权所有）
Self-awareness theory assumes that individuals direct their attention outward or back on themselves as a function of characteristics of the situation. Taking this theory literally, it was hypothesized that Ss taking a self-focused perspective would draw a capital letter E on their forehead such that the E would be oriented for the external perspective of an observer. Ss' whose attention was directed outward would draw an E that would appear backward to another person. As hypothesized, in 3 experiments with 175 female undergraduates, Ss in high self-focus conditions significantly more often than low self-focus Ss drew an E on their forehead oriented toward the perspective of an outside observer, even though they believed they could not be observed by anyone else. Self-focus was induced using a video camera placed either to the side of the S (Exp I) or behind the S (Exp II), where it could not record how the E was drawn. In Exp III, an audiotape recorder was used to induce self-focused attention. The results demonstrate that an external, reflexive visual perspective could be induced by an auditory self-focusing manipulation. Furthermore, in Exp III, when situationally induced self-focus was low, Ss who were high in public self-consciousness (as measured by the Self-Consciousness Scale) were more likely to draw the E from an external perspective than were Ss low in public self-consciousness. Degree of private self-consciousness was unrelated to perspective taking.(13 ref)(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)