“Western” and “Chinese” Oil Zones: Petro-Infrastructures and the Emergence of New Trans-territorial Spaces of Order in Niger and Chad
“Western” and “Chinese” Oil Zones: Petro-Infrastructures and the Emergence of New Trans-territorial Spaces of Order in Niger and Chad
复制标题
“西方”和“中国”石油区：尼日尔和乍得的石油基础设施和新的跨领土秩序空间的出现
DOI：
10.1163/9789004367012_013
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Andrea
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Schritt;Jannik;Behrends;Andrea
1989年冷战结束后，中国崛起为世界上一个全球性的参与者，非洲越来越多地成为西方和中国石油公司之间“争夺石油”的中心舞台（Ghazvinian 2007; Klare and Volman 2006; Yates 2012）。全球市场的高油价和中东的政治不稳定加剧了这种争夺。它将注意力转移到迄今尚未开发的非洲地区。通过这一过程，许多非洲国家成为或即将成为新的石油生产国。其中两个新的石油生产国是内陆国家乍得和尼日尔。这两个国家属于后一类非洲国家，尽管政局不稳，且石油基础设施建设成本高昂，但西方和中国公司还是开始在这些国家生产和提炼石油。乍得于2003年开始在埃克森美孚（ExxonMobil）、雪佛龙（Chevron）和马来西亚国家石油公司（Petronas）组成的财团下生产石油。该财团建造了一条1000多公里的管道，将石油从乍得南部的多巴石油区输送到喀麦隆大西洋沿岸的克里比港。不久之后，在2006年，埃克森美孚和马来西亚国家石油公司放弃了在邻国尼日尔的石油勘探，认为这个同样是内陆国家的估计石油储量在经济上无利可图。2007年，中国石油天然气集团公司（cnpc）与乍得政府签署了开采石油的合同，并在乍得首都恩贾梅纳附近建立一家合资炼油厂，供该国消费和出口。该上下游一体化项目于2008年奠基，炼油厂于2011年投产。2008年，在中国石油天然气集团公司与乍得政府签订合同一年后，中国石油天然气集团公司与尼日利亚政府签署了一项生产分成协议（psa），并于2011年在尼日尔东部第二大城市津德尔附近成立了一家合资炼油厂。中石油同意在两国建设一座产能为2万桶的蓝图炼油厂
After the end of the Cold War in 1989 and the rise of China as a global player in the world, Africa has increasingly moved centre stage in a “scramble for oil” between Western and Chinese oil companies (Ghazvinian 2007; Klare and Volman 2006; Yates 2012). This scramble was fuelled by high oil prices on the world market and political instability in the Middle East. It shifted attention to hitherto under-explored regions in Africa. By this process many African countries became, or were close to becoming, new oil-producing states. Two of these new oil producers are the landlocked countries of Chad and Niger. These two countries fall into the later group of African states in which Western and Chinese companies started to produce and refine oil in spite of their political instability and the high costs of installing oil infrastructure. Chad started to produce oil in 2003 under a consortium composed of ExxonMobil, Chevron and the Malaysian Petronas. The consortium built a pipeline of more than one thousand kilometres to transport the oil from the southern Chadian oil region of Doba to Port Kribi on the Cameroonian Atlantic Coast. Shortly afterwards, in 2006, ExxonMobil and Petronas abandoned oil exploration in neighbouring Niger, judging the estimated oil reserves in this equally landlocked country to be economically unprofitable.In 2007 the China National Petroleum Corporation (cnpc) signed contracts with the Chadian government to extract oil and to build a joint-venture refinery for national consumption and export near N’Djamena, Chad’s capital. The foundation was laid for this upstream and downstream integrated project in 2008 and the refinery was put into operation in 2011. One year after the conclusion of the contract between the cnpc and the Chadian government, in 2008, the cnpc signed a Production Sharing Agreement (psa) with the Nigerien government and, in 2011, inaugurated a joint-venture oil refinery near Zinder, Niger’s second biggest city, situated in the east. In both countries, the cnpc agreed to construct a blueprint oil refinery with a capacity of 20,000