GPU-based fast Monte Carlo dose calculation for proton therapy.
GPU-based fast Monte Carlo dose calculation for proton therapy.
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DOI：
10.1088/0031-9155/57/23/7783
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发表时间：
2012-12-07
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Jiang SB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jia X;Schümann J;Paganetti H;Jiang SB
准确的剂量计算是质子放射治疗成功的关键。蒙特卡罗（MC）模拟被认为是最精确的方法。然而，较长的计算时间限制了它的常规临床应用。最近，图形处理单元（GPU）已广泛用于加速放射治疗中的计算密集型任务。我们已经开发了一个快速MC剂量计算包，gPMC，质子剂量计算的GPU上。在gPMC中，质子输运模型的第二类凝聚的历史模拟计划与连续慢化近似。电离，弹性和非弹性质子核相互作用被认为是。能量离散和多次散射建模。二次电子不被传输，它们的能量被局部沉积。在非弹性核相互作用事件之后，使用经验模型产生各种产物。其中，带电的核碎片以局部沉积的能量终止。次级质子存储在堆中，并在完成初级质子的传输后传输，而次级中性粒子被忽略。GPMC在CUDA平台下的GPU上实现。我们使用TOPAS/Geant 4 MC代码作为金标准验证了gPMC。对于各种情况，包括均匀和不均匀的幻影以及患者病例，观察到gPMC和TOPAS/Geant 4之间的良好一致性。除低密度空气区域外，在所有情况下剂量大于最大剂量10%的区域中，2%/2 mm标准的伽马通过率超过98.7%。使用gPMC，仅需6-22 s即可模拟1000万个源质子，以实现约1%的相对统计不确定性，具体取决于幻影和能量。与TOPAS/Geant 4的数十个CPU小时的计算时间相比，这是非常高的效率。因此，我们的快速基于GPU的代码可以方便质子治疗中MC剂量计算的常规使用。
Accurate radiation dose calculation is essential for successful proton radiotherapy. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is considered to be the most accurate method. However, the long computation time limits it from routine clinical applications. Recently, graphics processing units (GPUs) have been widely used to accelerate computationally intensive tasks in radiotherapy. We have developed a fast MC dose calculation package, gPMC, for proton dose calculation on a GPU. In gPMC, proton transport is modeled by the class II condensed history simulation scheme with a continuous slowing down approximation. Ionization, elastic and inelastic proton nucleus interactions are considered. Energy straggling and multiple scattering are modeled. Secondary electrons are not transported and their energies are locally deposited. After an inelastic nuclear interaction event, a variety of products are generated using an empirical model. Among them, charged nuclear fragments are terminated with energy locally deposited. Secondary protons are stored in a stack and transported after finishing transport of the primary protons, while secondary neutral particles are neglected. gPMC is implemented on the GPU under the CUDA platform. We have validated gPMC using the TOPAS/Geant4 MC code as the gold standard. For various cases including homogeneous and inhomogeneous phantoms as well as a patient case, good agreements between gPMC and TOPAS/Geant4 are observed. The gamma passing rate for the 2%/2 mm criterion is over 98.7% in the region with dose greater than 10% maximum dose in all cases, excluding low-density air regions. With gPMC it takes only 6–22 s to simulate 10 million source protons to achieve ~1% relative statistical uncertainty, depending on the phantoms and energy. This is an extremely high efficiency compared to the computational time of tens of CPU hours for TOPAS/Geant4. Our fast GPU-based code can thus facilitate the routine use of MC dose calculation in proton therapy.
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