A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya
A massive rock and ice avalanche caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya
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DOI：
10.1126/science.abh4455
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发表时间：
2021-06
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
D. Shugar;M. Jacquemart;D. Shean;S. Bhushan;K. Upadhyay;A. Sattar;W. Schwanghart;S. McBride;M. V. W. de Vries;M. Mergili;A. Emmer;C. Deschamps-Berger;M. McDonnell;R. Bhambri;S. Allen;E. Berthier;J. Carrivick;J. Clague;M. Dokukin;S. Dunning;H. Frey;S. Gascoin;U. Haritashya;C. Huggel;A. Kääb;J. Kargel;J. Kavanaugh;P. Lacroix;D. Petley;S. Rupper;M. Azam;S. Cook;A. P. Dimri;M. Eriksson;D. Farinotti;J. Fiddes;K. Gnyawali;S. Harrison;M. Jha;M. Koppes;A. Kumar;S. Leinss;U. Majeed;S. Mal;A. Muhuri;J. Noetzli;F. Paul;I. Rashid;K. Sain;J. Steiner;F. Ugalde;C. Watson;M. Westoby
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文献类型：
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作者：
D. Shugar;M. Jacquemart;D. Shean;S. Bhushan;K. Upadhyay;A. Sattar;W. Schwanghart;S. McBride;M. V. W. de Vries;M. Mergili;A. Emmer;C. Deschamps-Berger;M. McDonnell;R. Bhambri;S. Allen;E. Berthier;J. Carrivick;J. Clague;M. Dokukin;S. Dunning;H. Frey;S. Gascoin;U. Haritashya;C. Huggel;A. Kääb;J. Kargel;J. Kavanaugh;P. Lacroix;D. Petley;S. Rupper;M. Azam;S. Cook;A. P. Dimri;M. Eriksson;D. Farinotti;J. Fiddes;K. Gnyawali;S. Harrison;M. Jha;M. Koppes;A. Kumar;S. Leinss;U. Majeed;S. Mal;A. Muhuri;J. Noetzli;F. Paul;I. Rashid;K. Sain;J. Steiner;F. Ugalde;C. Watson;M. Westoby
2021年2月，印度北阿坎德邦发生了灾难性的山体滑坡，两座水电站受损，200多人死亡或失踪。Shugar等人描述了导致这场灾难的一连串事件。一场巨大的岩石和冰崩轰鸣着冲下喜马拉雅山谷，在两座水电站中的第一座上游形成了致命的泥石流。这一系列事件突显出，由于气候变暖和发展加剧，喜马拉雅地区面临的风险越来越大。科学，abh4455，本期第300页从大规模雪崩开始的一连串事件最终在印度喜马拉雅山引发了致命的泥石流。2021年2月7日，印度北阿坎德邦查莫利的Ronti Gad、Rishiganga和Dhauliganga山谷发生了灾难性的大洪水，造成了广泛的破坏，并严重破坏了两个水电项目。超过200人死亡或失踪。我们对卫星图像、地震记录、数值模型结果和目击者视频的分析表明，约27 × 106立方米的岩石和冰川冰从陡峭的Ronti峰北侧崩塌。岩石和冰崩迅速转变为巨大的流动泥石流，搬运着直径超过20米的巨石，冲刷着山谷壁，直到谷底以上220米。危险级联与下游基础设施的交叉导致了一场灾难，这凸显了在喜马拉雅地区以及其他偏远的高山环境中进行充分监测和可持续发展的关键问题。
A deadly cascade A catastrophic landslide in Uttarakhand state in India on February 2021 damaged two hydropower plants, and more than 200 people were killed or are missing. Shugar et al. describe the cascade of events that led to this disaster. A massive rock and ice avalanche roared down a Himalayan valley, turning into a deadly debris flow upstream from the first of the two hydropower plants. The sequence of events highlights the increasing risk in the Himalayas caused by increased warming and development. Science, abh4455, this issue p. 300 A cascade of events starting with a massive avalanche eventually triggered a deadly debris flow in the Indian Himalaya. On 7 February 2021, a catastrophic mass flow descended the Ronti Gad, Rishiganga, and Dhauliganga valleys in Chamoli, Uttarakhand, India, causing widespread devastation and severely damaging two hydropower projects. More than 200 people were killed or are missing. Our analysis of satellite imagery, seismic records, numerical model results, and eyewitness videos reveals that ~27 × 106 cubic meters of rock and glacier ice collapsed from the steep north face of Ronti Peak. The rock and ice avalanche rapidly transformed into an extraordinarily large and mobile debris flow that transported boulders greater than 20 meters in diameter and scoured the valley walls up to 220 meters above the valley floor. The intersection of the hazard cascade with downvalley infrastructure resulted in a disaster, which highlights key questions about adequate monitoring and sustainable development in the Himalaya as well as other remote, high-mountain environments.