Migration Normalcy: Havana’s Dialogue with Washington before the Balsero Crisis
Migration Normalcy: Havana’s Dialogue with Washington before the Balsero Crisis
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移民常态：巴尔塞罗危机前哈瓦那与华盛顿的对话
DOI：
10.1093/dh/dhac064
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
0.4
通讯作者：
Hideaki Kami
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
上田悠久 ; 梅田百合香 ; 岡田拓也 ; 犬塚元 ; 稲村一隆;Takuya Okada;Takuya Okada;岡田拓也;岡田拓也;Takuya Okada;林孝宗;Hideaki Kami
1993年4月，就在罗伯托·罗瓦伊纳担任古巴外长几天后，他收到了美国的移民谈判提议。美国是世界上唯一的超级大国，也是他的政府面临的最大威胁。他不得不向古巴总统菲德尔·卡斯特罗建议如何处理这笔钱。这位聪明但缺乏经验的外交部长忍不住向他的资深同僚寻求建议。他写信给古巴前外交部长、全国人民力量大会主席里卡多·阿拉贡、内政部长阿贝拉多·科洛梅和古巴共产党意识形态和国际关系部部长何塞·拉蒙·巴拉格尔。事实证明，这一决定并不存在争议。尽管古巴被普遍认为是美国在意识形态上的对立面，但在古巴领导层的最高层中，没有人反对与他们的北方邻国进行移民谈判。2对华盛顿和哈瓦那来说，有序的人员流动是可取的，即使只有通过有效的外交才能实现。马里尔升船机事件是古巴和美国关系史上最不寻常的移民骚乱，对两国的外交政策重点产生了巨大影响。1980年4月至10月，大约12.5万名古巴人涌入美国，在美国各城市造成官僚混乱，并改变了华盛顿在古巴的核心利益。受到这一经历的创伤，即使是最反共产主义的美国总统罗纳德·里根也找到了他的死对头菲德尔·卡斯特罗进行会谈。1984年，这两个冷战对手在非洲和拉丁美洲对峙时，宣布了第一个移民协议，双方在协议中承诺
In April 1993, just days after Roberto Robaina became Cuba’s foreign minister, he received a proposal for migration talks from the United States, the world’s only superpower and the greatest threat to his government. He had to recommend to Cuban President Fidel Castro what to do with it. The intelligent but inexperienced foreign minister could not help but turn to his senior colleagues for counsel. He wrote to Ricardo Alarcón, the former foreign minister and president of the National Assembly of People’s Power; Abelardo Colomé, minister of the Ministry of the Interior; and José Ramón Balaguer, head of the Cuban Communist Party’s departments of ideology and international relations. 1 As it turned out, the decision was not controversial. Regardless of the popular image of Cuba as the ideological antithesis to the United States, no one in the top echelon of Cuban leadership opposed migration talks with their northern neighbor. 2For both Washington and Havana, an orderly flow of people was desirable, if only attainable through effective diplomacy. The Mariel boatlift, the most extraordinary migration disorder in the history of Cuban-US relations, had an enormous impact on both countries’ foreign policy priorities. Between April and October 1980, around 125,000 Cubans flooded the United States, caused bureaucratic chaos across US cities, and revamped Washington’s core interest in Cuba. So traumatized by the experience, even the most anti-communist US president, Ronald Reagan, approached his nemesis, Fidel Castro, for talks. In 1984, the two Cold War rivals, while confronting each other in Africa and Latin America, announced the first migration accord, in which both parties pledged to