Translocation of Neonicotinoid Insecticides From Coated Seeds to Seedling Guttation Drops: A Novel Way of Intoxication for Bees
Translocation of Neonicotinoid Insecticides From Coated Seeds to Seedling Guttation Drops: A Novel Way of Intoxication for Bees
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DOI：
10.1603/029.102.0511
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发表时间：
2009-10-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Tapparo, A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Girolami, V.;Mazzon, L.;Tapparo, A.
蜜蜂Apis mellifiera L.的死亡，并且随之而来的群体崩溃失调在全世界范围内造成农业和植物授粉的重大损失。在过去几年中，这一现象呈上升趋势，但其原因仍有待明确答案。尽管怀疑用于农作物种子包衣的类烟碱内吸性杀虫剂是可能的原因，但迄今为止的研究尚未表明存在能够在田间直接传递致中毒剂量的不容置疑的来源。滴注是植物在叶缘分泌木质部液体的一种自然现象。在这里，我们表明，所有的玉米植物的叶子滴液从类烟碱包衣的种子发芽含有杀虫剂的量不断高于10毫克/升，最高可达100毫克/升的噻虫嗪和噻虫胺，高达200毫克/升的吡虫啉。滴剂中的烟碱类化合物的浓度可以接近用于害虫防治的田间喷雾剂中常用的活性成分的浓度，甚至更高。当蜜蜂食用从植物中收集的滴液时，它们会在几分钟内死亡。
The death of honeybees, Apis mellifiera L., and the consequent colony collapse disorder causes major losses in agriculture and plant pollination worldwide. The phenomenon showed increasing rates in the past years, although its causes are still awaiting a clear answer. Although neonicotinoid systemic insecticides used for seed coating of agricultural crops were suspected as possible reason, studies so far have not shown the existence of unquestionable sources capable of delivering directly intoxicating doses in the fields. Guttation is a natural plant phenomenon causing the excretion of xylem fluid at leaf margins. Here, we show that leaf guttation drops of all the corn plants germinated from neonicotinoid-coated seeds contained amounts of insecticide constantly higher than 10 mg/l, with maxima up to 100 mg/l for thiamethoxam and clothianidin, and up to 200 mg/l for imidacloprid. The concentration of neonicotinoids in guttation drops can be near those of active ingredients commonly applied in field sprays for pest control, or even higher. When bees consume guttation drops, collected from plants grown from neonicotinoid-coated seeds, they encounter death within few minutes.