Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social–ecological Systems
Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability in Social–ecological Systems
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DOI：
10.5751/es-00650-090205
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发表时间：
2004-09
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
B. Walker;C. S. Holling;S. Carpenter;A. Kinzig
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Walker;C. S. Holling;S. Carpenter;A. Kinzig
． 自Holling（1973）的开创性论文以来，弹性的概念已经有了很大的发展。然而，对弹性含义的不同解释导致了困惑。系统的弹性需要根据控制系统动态的属性来考虑。社会生态系统（SESs）的三个相关属性决定了它们的未来轨迹：弹性、适应性和可转换性。弹性（一个系统在经历变化时吸收干扰和重组的能力，从而仍然保持本质上相同的功能、结构、身份和反馈）有四个组成部分——纬度、阻力、不稳定性和层次性——最容易用稳定景观的比喻来描述。适应性是系统中参与者影响弹性（在SES中，本质上是管理弹性）的能力。有四种方法可以做到这一点，对应于弹性的四个方面。可转型性是指当生态、经济或社会结构使现有系统无法维持时，创造一个根本的新系统的能力。这种SES动态解释对可持续性科学的影响包括将重点从寻求最佳状态和最大可持续产量的决定因素（MSY范式）转变为弹性分析、适应性资源管理和适应性治理。
. The concept of resilience has evolved considerably since Holling’s (1973) seminal paper. Different interpretations of what is meant by resilience, however, cause confusion. Resilience of a system needs to be considered in terms of the attributes that govern the system’s dynamics. Three related attributes of social– ecological systems (SESs) determine their future trajectories: resilience, adaptability, and transformability. Resilience (the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks) has four components—latitude, resistance, precariousness, and panarchy—most readily portrayed using the metaphor of a stability landscape. Adaptability is the capacity of actors in the system to influence resilience (in a SES, essentially to manage it). There are four general ways in which this can be done, corresponding to the four aspects of resilience. Transformability is the capacity to create a fundamentally new system when ecological, economic, or social structures make the existing system untenable. The implications of this interpretation of SES dynamics for sustainability science include changing the focus from seeking optimal states and the determinants of maximum sustainable yield (the MSY paradigm), to resilience analysis, adaptive resource management, and adaptive governance.