Policy and management responses to earthworm invasions in North America
Policy and management responses to earthworm invasions in North America
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DOI：
10.1007/s10530-006-9016-6
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发表时间：
2006-09-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Zou, Xiaoming
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Callaham, Mac A., Jr.;Gonzalez, Grizelle;Zou, Xiaoming
北美非本土蚯蚓物种的引进、建立和传播已经持续了几个世纪。这些引进在整个非洲大陆都发生了，在一些生态系统中，与地上和地下食物网有关的生态系统进程和功能已经发生了相当大的变化。然而，北美的许多地区要么从未被引进的蚯蚓殖民，要么土壤中仍然只居住着本地的蚯蚓动物。虽然已经确定了几种非本地蚯蚓的运输方式和随后的扩散，但几乎没有努力阻止新物种流入新的地区。引入蚯蚓的主要途径有鱼饵、园艺和蚯蚓堆肥业。在这篇文章中，我们考察了土地管理实践对几个生态系统类型中引进物种建立的影响，并确定了土地管理在限制引入蚯蚓物种传播方面可能有用的情况。最后，我们讨论了管制进口蚯蚓和含蚯蚓的介质的方法，以最大限度地减少或避免新的外来物种的引入。虽然我们在本文中的重点必然是北美，但这里提出的许多管理和政策选择可能适用于世界其他地区的蚯蚓入侵问题。
The introduction, establishment and spread of non-native earthworm species in North America have been ongoing for centuries. These introductions have occurred across the continent and in some ecosystems have resulted in considerable modifications to ecosystem processes and functions associated with above- and belowground foodwebs. However, many areas of North America have either never been colonized by introduced earthworms, or have soils that are still inhabited exclusively by native earthworm fauna. Although several modes of transport and subsequent proliferation of non-native earthworms have been identified, little effort has been made to interrupt the flow of new species into new areas. Examples of major avenues for introduction of earthworms are the fish-bait, horticulture, and vermicomposting industries. In this paper we examine land management practices that influence the establishment of introduced species in several ecosystem types, and identify situations where land management may be useful in limiting the spread of introduced earthworm species. Finally, we discuss methods to regulate the importation of earthworms and earthworm-containing media so that introduction of new exotic species can be minimized or avoided. Although our focus in this paper is necessarily North American, many of the management and policy options presented here could be applicable to the problem of earthworm invasions in other parts of the world.