The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B. C. to A. D. 1500
The Decline of Iranshahr: Irrigation and Environments in the History of the Middle East, 500 B. C. to A. D. 1500
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伊朗沙赫尔的衰落：公元前 500 年至公元 1500 年中东历史上的灌溉和环境
DOI：
10.2307/206089
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发表时间：
1996
影响因子：
0.5
通讯作者：
S. Sampson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Elton L. Daniel;Peter Christensen;S. Sampson
在黄金时代--通常可以追溯到阿巴斯王朝早期--之后，中东的情况开始发生变化。人口减少，古老的城市衰落甚至荒废，野蛮的游牧民族以牺牲文明农业为代价而蔓延。在一个平行的过程中，智力创造力被扼杀，艺术原创性枯竭。因此，甚至在资本主义世界经济显现其影响力之前，曾经充满活力的中东文明正变成停滞不前的原始发展中国家：贫穷、疾病缠身、技术落后。目前的研究对这种衰退的概念提出了几个简单的问题：农业和去城镇化的收缩有多广泛和多普遍，以及我们能提供什么类型的解释。
After the Golden Age - which is usually dated back to early Abbasid period - things began to change in the Middle East. Population decreased, ancient cities declined or were even deserted, and barbaric nomadism spread at the expense of civilised agriculture. In a parallel process intellectual creativity was stifled and artistic originality dried up. Thus even before the capitalist world economy made its influence felt, the once dynamic civilisations of the Middle East were turning into stagnate proto-developing countries: impoverished, disease-ridden and technologically backward. The present study asks a few simple questions about this notion of decline: how extensive and how general was the contraction of agriculture and de-urbanisation and what kinds of explanations can we offer.