Water and Land as Shared Resources for Agriculture and Aquaculture: Insights from Asia
Water and Land as Shared Resources for Agriculture and Aquaculture: Insights from Asia
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DOI：
10.3390/w12102787
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发表时间：
2020-10
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
S. Pueppke;S. Nurtazin;Weixin Ou
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Pueppke;S. Nurtazin;Weixin Ou
虽然农业和水产养殖依赖于获取日益稀缺的共享水资源来生产供人类消费的粮食，但它们往往被孤立地考虑。我们认为，他们应该被视为一个单一的复杂系统，容易直接或间接的权衡，应该避免，同时也服从协同作用，应该寻求的综合组成部分。当农业和水产养殖的足迹重叠或当两种做法彼此接近共存时，通常会出现空间竞争或共享水资源污染等直接权衡。相互作用可以通过水电基础设施和短期经济激励措施等因素进行调节，这两种因素都会破坏水产养殖和农业之间的平衡。另一方面，间接的权衡在距离上发挥作用，即，当农业食物来源被转用于养殖动物时。协同效应与稻田和灌溉沃茨中的水生生物养殖、农作物种植与水产养殖的季节性轮作以及各种形式的农业-水产养殖综合体（IAA）有关，包括池塘IAA的高度发达的变体。政策决定、社会经济考虑和技术作为权衡和协同作用的决定因素，值得加强审查。未来的优先问题包括指导水产养殖从其在亚洲的传统基地扩展，利用农业和水产养殖系统中存在的异质性，制定权衡和协同作用的额外指标，以及适应气候变化的影响。
Although agriculture and aquaculture depend on access to increasingly scarce, shared water resources to produce food for human consumption, they are most often considered in isolation. We argue that they should be treated as integrated components of a single complex system that is prone to direct or indirect tradeoffs that should be avoided while also being amenable to synergies that should be sought. Direct tradeoffs such as competition for space or the pollution of shared water resources usually occur when the footprints of agriculture and aquaculture overlap or when the two practices coexist in close proximity to one another. Interactions can be modulated by factors such as hydropower infrastructure and short-term economic incentives, both of which are known to disrupt the balance between aquaculture and agriculture. Indirect tradeoffs, on the other hand, play out across distances, i.e., when agricultural food sources are diverted to feed animals in aquaculture. Synergies are associated with the culture of aquatic organisms in rice paddies and irrigation waters, seasonal rotations of crop cultivation with aquaculture, and various forms of integrated agriculture–aquaculture (IAA), including jitang, a highly developed variant of pond-dike IAA. Policy decisions, socioeconomic considerations, and technology warrant increased scrutiny as determinants of tradeoffs and synergies. Priority issues for the future include guiding the expansion of aquaculture from its traditional base in Asia, taking advantage of the heterogeneity that exists within both agricultural and aquaculture systems, the development of additional metrics of tradeoffs and synergies, and adapting to the effects of climate change.