Calculation of Compounds in Portland Cements
Calculation of Compounds in Portland Cements
复制标题
波特兰水泥中化合物的计算
DOI：
10.1201/9781351069397-11
复制
发表时间：
2001
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
MISSING
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
MISSING
国家标准局-国家标准与技术研究院在研究最广泛使用的人造建筑材料、水泥和混凝土材料方面有着辉煌的历史，这些材料通常被视为理所当然，因为它们的商品性质和在结构中的成功使用，这些结构占国家固定财富的80%左右。NBSNIST的水泥和混凝土材料研究工作的水平，与其结构研究工作相比，在世纪有很大的不同，两个高生产率的时期被一个几乎休眠的时期（从1960年到1980年）分开。虽然在1924年之前肯定做出了一些重要贡献，但从1924年到1954年，NIST水泥研究项目得到了一个同样强大和协同的行业支持项目的补充，即国家标准局的波特兰水泥协会奖学金。罗伯特·博格博士是水泥研究史上的一位重要人物，在整个30年的历史中担任PCA研究金的主任。物理化学家罗伯特·赫尔曼·博格于1889年9月27日出生于马萨诸塞州的南伯勒。在1924年担任PCA奖学金主任之前，他获得了塔夫茨大学的学位（学士学位，1912年），马萨诸塞州学院（硕士，1915年）和匹兹堡大学（博士，1920年），并获得了专业经验，在蒙大拿州立大学助理教授，1915年至1917年，梅隆研究所研究员，1917年至1922年，并在拉斐特学院副教授，1922年至1924年。他的研究兴趣在那个时候似乎已经化学明胶和胶体行为的蛋白质-主题远程无机材料，将中央休息，他的职业生涯。作为PCA奖学金的主任，博格发挥了非常有远见的领导作用，使该奖学金成为现在被称为混凝土材料科学的主要贡献者。在博格的个人贡献中，有一篇里程碑式的论文《波特兰水泥中化合物的计算》[1]，发表于1929年。为了理解这篇论文的意义，有必要对波特兰水泥及其生产有一点了解。波特兰水泥发明于1824年。它的主要成分是水泥熟料，一种颗粒状产品，来自高温（~1500 ℃）处理的适当比例，精细研磨的矿物混合物，是常见氧化物CaO，SiO2，Al 2 O3和Fe 2 O3的来源;（在本文中为了方便，并且与水泥工业的使用雅阁，这些氧化物通常用单个字母C、S、A和F表示，分别）。在熟料生产中作为这些氧化物来源的典型原材料按相同顺序为石灰石、石英砂、粘土和铁矿石。水泥生产以熟料与质量分数约为5%的石膏（CaSO 4·2 H2O）的共磨结束，以生产细水泥粉末，通常为灰色，其中在美国每年生产近1亿吨（1吨= 1000 kg）。(The加入石膏以控制水泥的凝固速率）。在博格的论文发表之前，尽管熟料和水泥的元素组成（总是以简单的氧化物表示）在水泥厂和其他实验室中常规测定，但熟料中存在的化合物的组成仍存在很大争议。出版的文件显然满足了一个目标博格已设置为奖学金，因为在文本中的地址给美国混凝土研究所[2]两年前在1927年，他写道：“。. .这是一个进步的时代。对新知识的渴求之声四起。. . . .现在人们正在严肃地提出一些问题，而这些问题在几年前会被认为是荒谬的，因为无法回答。. . . .所有这一切使我们相信，对水泥熟料构成和水泥成分在制成混凝土时的行为的规律的揭示，可能会带来今天只能感觉到但不能肯定理解的发展。在同一次讲话中，他清楚地说明了要解决的问题的性质，他说：“最重要的是，由于上述原因，研究将为我们提供有关熟料成分性质的信息。其中一些已经知道了一段时间。其他人已经猜测，但各种权威的猜测并不总是一致的。一组人认为一种含有石灰的复杂化合物，
The National Bureau of Standards–National Institutes of Standards and Technology has had an illustrious history of research on the most widely-used, man-made materials of construction, cement and concrete—materials which are often taken for granted, because of their commodity nature and generally successful use in the structures that comprise about 80 % of the Nation’s fixed wealth. The level of NBSNIST’s cement and concrete materials research effort, in contrast to its structural research effort, has varied substantially over the century, with two highly productive periods separated by an almost dormant period from about 1960 to 1980. While some important contributions were certainly made prior to 1924, an outstanding period stretched from 1924 to 1954 when a strong NIST cement research program was complemented by an equally strong and synergistic industrysupported program, the Portland Cement Association Fellowship at the National Bureau of Standards. The Director of the PCA Fellowship for the whole of its 30-year life was Dr. Robert Bogue, a major figure in the history of cement research. Robert Herman Bogue, a physical chemist, was born in Southborough, Massachusetts, on September 27, 1889. Before taking the position as Director of the PCA Fellowship in 1924, he had obtained degrees from Tufts University (B.S., 1912), Massachusetts College (M.S., 1915), and the University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D., 1920), and had gained professional experience as an Assistant Professor at Montana State College, 1915-17, a Fellow of the Mellon Institute, 1917-22, and an Associate Professor at Lafayette College, 1922-24. His research interests at that time appear to have been the chemistry of gelatine and the colloidal behavior of proteins— subjects remote from the inorganic materials that would be central to the rest of his professional career. As Director of the PCA Fellowship, Bogue exercised a remarkably far-sighted leadership that made the Fellowship a major contributor to what would now be described as the materials science of concrete. Among Bogue’s personal contributions was a landmark paper, Calculation of Compounds in Portland Cement [1], published in 1929. To understand the significance of the paper, it is necessary to know a little about portland cement and its manufacture. Portland cement was invented in 1824. Its essential ingredient is cement clinker, a granular product from the high temperature (~1500 C) processing of an appropriately proportioned, finely-ground mixture of minerals that are sources of the common oxides CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3; (for convenience in this paper, and in accord with cement industry usage, these oxides will frequently be referred to by the single letters C, S, A and F, respectively). Typical raw materials that are sources of these oxides in clinker production are, in the same order, limestone, quartz sand, clay, and iron ore. The cement manufacture ends with the intergrinding of clinker with a mass fraction of about 5 % gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) to produce the fine cement powder, usually gray in color, of which almost 100 million tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kg) are produced in the U.S. each year. (The gypsum is added to control the rate of setting of the cement.) Until the publication of Bogue’s paper, there was much controversy about the compositions of the compounds present in the clinker, even though the elemental compositions of clinker and cement (always expressed in terms of simple oxides) were determined routinely in cement plants and other laboratories. Publication of the paper obviously met an objective Bogue had set for the Fellowship since, in the text of an address given to the American Concrete Institute [2] two years earlier in 1927, he wrote: “ . . . this is an age of advancement. The cry for new knowledge is in the air. . . . . Questions are being asked now in all seriousness which a few years ago would have been regarded as absurd because unanswerable. . . . . All of this brings us to the belief that an unraveling of the laws governing the constitution of cement clinker and the behavior of the constituents of cement when made into concrete may hold developments which today can only be sensed but not definitely apprehended.” In the same address, he made the nature of the problem to be solved clear by saying, “Of fundamental importance, above all others, and for the reasons given above, are the studies which will give us information of the nature of the constituents in clinker. Some of these have been known for some time. Others have been guessed at, but the guesses of the various authorities do not always agree. One group believes that a complex compound containing lime,