Social Ecology and Communalism
Social Ecology and Communalism
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社会生态学和共有主义
DOI：
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Murray Bookchin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Murray Bookchin
像自由社区和参与式民主这样“死亡”的现象，想必引起的反对者应该比我们继续遇到的要少得多。大大都市的崛起并没有结束对社区和公民政治的历史性追求，正如跨国公司的崛起并没有将民族主义问题从现代议程中删除一样。像纽约、伦敦、法兰克福、米兰和马德里这样的城市，尽管结构规模庞大，内部相互依赖，但无论是通过社区网络还是地区网络，都可以在制度上实现政治去中心化。事实上，如果它们在结构上不去中心化，它们能发挥多大的作用是一个至关重要的生态问题，正如空气污染、充足的水供应、犯罪、生活质量和交通等问题所表明的那样。历史已经非常戏剧性地表明，人口接近100万、通讯手段原始的欧洲主要城市，是通过协调良好、分散的机构来运作的，这些机构具有非凡的政治活力。从16世纪初在科穆涅罗起义中爆发的卡斯蒂利亚城市，到18世纪90年代初的巴黎区或议会，再到20世纪60年代的马德里公民运动（仅举几例），大城市的市政运动提出了权力应该集中在哪里以及社会生活应该如何制度化管理的关键问题。一个自治市可以像一个部落一样狭隘，这是相当明显的--而且在今天也不亚于过去。因此，任何不属于邦联的市政运动--也就是说，不加入对本地区城镇的相互义务网络--都不能被视为传统意义上的真正政治实体，就像一个不与所在城市的其他社区合作的社区一样。联邦，基于
in the endless arguments that are brought against it. Phenomena as “dead” as the free community and participatory democracy should presumably arouse far fewer opponents than we continue to encounter. The rise of the great megalopolis has not ended the historic quest for community and civic politics, any more than the rise of multinational corporations has removed the issue of nationalism from the modern agenda. Cities like New York, London, Frankfurt, Milan, and Madrid can be politically decentralized institutionally, be they by neighborhood or district networks, despite their large structural size and their internal interdependence. Indeed, how well they can function if they do not decentralize structurally is an ecological issue of paramount importance, as problems of air pollution, adequate water supply, crime, the quality of life, and transportation suggest. History has shown very dramatically that major cities of Europe with populations approaching a million and with primitive means of communication functioned by means of wellcoordinated decentralized institutions of extraordinary political vitality. From the Castilian cities that exploded in the Comuñero revolt in the early l500s through the Parisian sections or assemblies of the early 1790s to the Madrid Citizens’ Movement of the 1960s (to cite only a few), municipal movements in large cities have posed crucial issues of where power should be centered and how societal life should be managed institutionally. That a municipality can be as parochial as a tribe is fairly obvious — and is no less true today than it has been in the past. Hence, any municipal movement that is not confederal — that is to say, that does not enter into a network of mutual obligations to towns and cities in its own region — can no more be regarded as a truly political entity in any traditional sense than a neighborhood that does not work with other neighborhoods in the city in which it is located. Confederation, based