Analysing nitrogen responses of cereals to prioritize routes to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency
Analysing nitrogen responses of cereals to prioritize routes to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency
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DOI：
10.1093/jxb/erp116
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发表时间：
2009-05-01
影响因子：
6.9
通讯作者：
Kindred, Daniel R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sylvester-Bradley, Roger;Kindred, Daniel R.
肥料氮（N）的有效利用对可持续的人类营养至关重要。在温带环境中，所有作物都通过固定或施肥获得大量额外的氮。本文综述了冬小麦氮肥高效利用的研究进展。和春大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）在英国，承认这是由经济学决定的。最近的多站点N响应实验的老品种和现代品种表明，自20世纪80年代以来，产量的提高一直伴随着小麦的经济最佳氮量的增加，但不是春大麦。在农场氮利用效率（NUE）增加了大麦，因为产量增加与最佳的N与补偿性下降，在粮食N浓度，而在农场NUE没有增加小麦，因为粮食N浓度没有改变，改善氮捕获不足以弥补产量的增加。NUE的遗传效应显着不同，这取决于它们是否被确定在一个单一的N率，在品种试验中，或与最佳的N量。因此，为了更快地提高农田氮素利用效率，应在某些施氮水平不同的地点进行育种和品种试验，并应更广泛地测量籽粒氮含量、氮收获指数和冠层氮比（kg N ha（-1）绿色面积）。它还建议，而不是使用经验函数，N响应可能会更有效地分析使用功能的基础上的解释，产量确定的参数有一定的生理意义。
The efficient use of fertilizer nitrogen (N) is crucial to sustainable human nutrition. All crops receive significant amounts of additional N in temperate environments, through fixation or fertilizer use. This paper reviews progress towards the efficient use of fertilizer N by winter wheat (Triticum aesitivum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the UK, acknowledging that on-farm this is governed by economics. Recent multi-site N response experiments on old and modern varieties show that yield improvements since the 1980s have been accompanied by increases in economic optimum N amounts for wheat but not for spring barley. On-farm N use efficiency (NUE) has increased for barley because increased yields with optimum N were associated with compensatory decreases in grain N concentration, whereas on-farm NUE has not increased for wheat because grain N concentration has not changed and improvements in N capture were insufficient to make up for the increased yield. Genetic effects on NUE are shown to differ markedly depending on whether they are determined at a single N rate, as in variety trials, or with optimum N amounts. It is suggested that, in order to elicit faster improvement in NUE on farms, breeding and variety testing should be conducted at some sites with more than one level of applied N, and that grain N%, N harvest index, and perhaps canopy N ratio (kg N ha(-1) green area) should be measured more widely. It is also suggested that, instead of using empirical functions, N responses might be analysed more effectively using functions based on explanations of yield determination for which the parameters have some physiological meaning.