Effect of hypoxia and anoxia on invertebrate behaviour: Ecological perspectives from species to community level
Effect of hypoxia and anoxia on invertebrate behaviour: Ecological perspectives from species to community level
复制标题
缺氧和缺氧对无脊椎动物行为的影响：从物种到群落水平的生态视角
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Stachowitsch
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Riedel;T. Pados;Katrin Pretterebner;L. Schiemer;Alexandra Steckbauer;A. Haselmair;M. Zuschin;M. Stachowitsch
沿海缺氧和缺氧已成为全球海洋生态系统的主要压力源，全球记录了近 500 个死亡区。通过引发从个体生物体到群落和生态系统水平的级联效应，氧气消耗威胁海洋生物多样性，并可能改变生态系统的结构和功能。通过整合生理功能和生态过程，动物行为非常适合评估大型底栖动物对低溶解氧的应激状态。生物体的初始反应可以作为早期预警信号，而关键物种的连续行为反应则表明缺氧水平并有助于评估群落退化。在这里，我们记录了北亚得里亚海（地中海）自然环境中代表性大型底栖动物群的行为反应。我们在 24 m 深的海底室中进行了小规模缺氧实验，以克服预测缺氧发生的困难，这通常会阻碍现场的完整记录。用延时相机记录了行为反应。缺氧引起了几乎所有生物体（来自 32 个物种和 2 个物种组的 302 个个体）的显着且可重复的总体变化（可见性、运动、身体运动和姿势、位置）和物种特异性反应。大多数非典型（应激）行为与特定的氧阈值相关：例如，蛇类 Ophiothrix quinquemaculata 的手臂倾斜，伴随着轻度缺氧（< 2mLO(2) L-1）的开始，多毛类在中度缺氧（< 1mLO(2) L-1）的沉积物表面上出现，动物性海胆 Schizaster canaliferus 在严重缺氧的沉积物上出现。缺氧（< 0.5mLO(2) L-1）和缺氧海葵的重体旋转。其他物种改变了它们的活动模式，例如寄居蟹 Paguristes eremita 或与生物礁相关的螃蟹 Pisidia longimana 的昼夜节律。种内和种间反应被削弱或改变：十足目动物停止防御和领地行为，捕食者与猎物之间的相互作用和关系发生了变化。这种细致入微的分辨率范围是解释当前底栖群落状态（行为）和过去死亡率（群落组成，例如耐受物种的生存）的有用工具。有关关键物种的敏感性（应激反应的开始）、耐受性（死亡率、生存）和特征（即生活习惯、功能作用）的信息也有助于预测底栖结构和生态系统功能的未来潜在变化。这种综合方法可以将复杂的生态过程传达给公众和决策者，并帮助制定具体的监测、评估和保护计划
Coastal hypoxia and anoxia have become a global key stressor to marine ecosystems, with almost 500 dead zones recorded worldwide. By triggering cascading effects from the individual organism to the community-and ecosystem level, oxygen depletions threaten marine biodiversity and can alter ecosystem structure and function. By integrating both physiological function and ecological processes, animal behaviour is ideal for assessing the stress state of benthic macrofauna to low dissolved oxygen. The initial response of organisms can serve as an early warning signal, while the successive behavioural reactions of key species indicate hypoxia levels and help assess community degradation. Here we document the behavioural responses of a representative spectrum of benthic macrofauna in the natural setting in the Northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean). We experimentally induced small-scale anoxia with a benthic chamber in 24m depth to overcome the difficulties in predicting the onset of hypoxia, which often hinders full documentation in the field. The behavioural reactions were documented with a time-lapse camera. Oxygen depletion elicited significant and repeatable changes in general (visibility, locomotion, body movement and posture, location) and species-specific reactions in virtually all organisms (302 individuals from 32 species and 2 species groups). Most atypical (stress) behaviours were associated with specific oxygen thresholds: arm-tipping in the ophiuroid Ophiothrix quinquemaculata, for example, with the onset of mild hypoxia (< 2mLO(2) L-1), the emergence of polychaetes on the sediment surface with moderate hypoxia (< 1mLO(2) L-1), the emergence of the infaunal sea urchin Schizaster canaliferus on the sediment with severe hypoxia (< 0.5mLO(2) L-1) and heavy body rotations in sea anemones with anoxia. Other species changed their activity patterns, for example the circadian rhythm in the hermit crab Paguristes eremita or the bioherm-associated crab Pisidia longimana. Intra-and interspecific reactions were weakened or changed: decapods ceased defensive and territorial behaviour, and predator-prey interactions and relationships shifted. This nuanced scale of resolution is a useful tool to interpret present benthic community status (behaviour) and past mortalities (community composition, e.g. survival of tolerant species). This information on the sensitivity (onset of stress response), tolerance (mortality, survival), and characteristics (i. e. life habit, functional role) of key species also helps predict potential future changes in benthic structure and ecosystem functioning. This integrated approach can transport complex ecological processes to the public and decision-makers and help define specific monitoring, assessment and conservation plans