THE WORLDWIDE WEB
THE WORLDWIDE WEB
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DOI：
10.1145/179606.179671
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发表时间：
1994-08-01
影响因子：
22.7
通讯作者：
SECRET, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
BERNERSLEE, T;CAILLIAU, R;SECRET, A
万维网（W3）是人类知识的汇集地，它允许远程站点的合作实验室分享他们的想法和共同项目的所有方面。位于瑞士日内瓦的欧洲粒子物理实验室CERN的物理学家和工程师与许多其他研究所合作，为高能物理研究建立软件和硬件。Web的想法是由一个小型的“自制”个人超文本系统的积极经验所激发的，该系统用于跟踪分布式项目中的个人信息。Web的设计是这样的，如果它被独立地用于两个项目，后来发现项目之间的关系，那么就不必进行重大或集中的更改，但信息可以顺利地重塑，以代表新的知识状态。这种可扩展性使Web能够从CERN的起源迅速扩展到整个互联网，而不受国家或学科的限制。如果你还没有体验过Web，了解它的最好方法就是尝试一下。本文的附录给出了一些掌握W3客户端的方法。给出其中一个，你会很快发现所有你需要知道的，甚至更多。对于硬拷贝在飞机上阅读，或者如果你不能从你的台式机上访问互联网，请参阅我们在电子网络中的论文（见”术语表和进一步的阅读”），以了解该项目的概述，我们不会重复这些材料，但会在这里总结。W3”客户端”程序在您的计算机上运行。当它启动时，它会显示一个对象，通常是一个带有文本和图像的文档。一些短语和图像被突出显示：蓝色，或方框，或编号，这取决于你有什么样的显示和你的偏好设置。在突出显示的区域（“锚”）上单击鼠标会使客户端程序从另一台计算机（”服务器“）检索另一个对象。如果检索到的对象通常也是超文本格式，则导航过程将继续（参见图1）。在查看某些文档时，读者可以通过键入纯文本（或复杂命令）发送到服务器来请求搜索，而不是通过链接。在任何一种情况下，客户端发送一个请求到服务器，通常是世界上其他地方的一台完全不同的机器，并且（通常）在一秒钟内，相关信息以超文本，纯文本或多媒体格式呈现。这是重复进行的，通过一系列的选择和搜索，人们可以找到任何“在那里”的东西。需要注意的一些重要事项是：·无论是什么类型的服务器，用户界面都是相同的，因此用户不需要了解常用的许多协议之间的差异。在VV3之前，对网络信息的访问通常涉及不同系统的许多不同访问“配方”的知识，以及每个系统的不同命令语言。具有文本输入的超文本模型已被证明足够强大以表达所有的用户界面，同时足够简单以不需要对计算机进行训练
" The World-Wide Web (W3) was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, which would allow col-laborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project. Physicists and engineers at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, collaborate with many other institutes to build the software and hardware for highenergy physics research. The idea of the Web was prompted by positive experience of a small “home-brew” personal hypertext system used for keeping track of personal information on a distributed project. The Web was designed so that if it was used independently for two projects, and later relationships were found between the projects, then no major or centralized changes would have to be made, but the information could smoothly reshape to represent the new state of knowledge. This property of scaling has allowed the Web to expand rapidly from its origins at CERN across the Internet irrespective of boundaries of nations or disciplines. If you haven't yet experienced the Web, the best way to find out about it is to try it. An Appendix to this article gives some recipes for getting hold of W3 clients. Given one of these, you will quickly find out all you need to know, and much more. For hard copy to read on the plane, or if you don't have Internet access from your desktop machine, refer to our paper in Electronic Networking (see" Glossary and Further Reading") for an overview of the project, material which we will not repeat but will summarize here. A W3" client" program runs on your computer. When it starts, it displays an object, normally a document with text and possibly images. Some of the phrases and images are highlighted: in blue, or boxed, or perhaps numbered, depending on what sort of a display you have and how your preferences have been set. Clicking the mouse on the highlighted area (" anchor") causes the client program to retrieve another object from some other computer, a" server." I he retrieved object is normally also in a hypertext format, so the process of navigation continues (see Figure l). When viewing some documents, the reader can request a search, by typing in plain text (or complex com-mands) to send to the server, rather than following a link. In either case, the client sends a request off to the server, often a completely different machine in some other part of the world, and within (typically) a sec-ond, the related information, in ei-ther hypertext, plain text or multimedia format, is presented. I his is done repeatedly, and by a sequence of se-lections and searches one can find anything that is" out there.” Some important things to note are:• Whatever type of server, the user interface is the same, so users do not need to understand the differences between the many protocols in com-mon use. Before VV3, access to net-worked information typically involved knowledge of many different access" recipes” for different systems, and a different command language for each. The model of hypertext with text input has proved sufficiently powerful to express all the user inter-faces, while being sufficiently simple to require no training for a computer