Spermatogenesis.
Spermatogenesis.
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DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4614-4015-4_7
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发表时间：
2013
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在精子发生过程中，多能生殖细胞分化成为有效的传递载体，将父本DNA传递给卵母细胞。虽然雄性和雌性生殖细胞都经历减数分裂产生DNA的单倍体，但同时它们也经历不同的分化过程，产生精子或卵母细胞。这篇综述将讨论我们目前对秀丽隐杆线虫精子形成和分化机制的理解，这些机制是通过结合分子、转录组学和细胞生物学的方法获得的。许多这些过程也发生在其他生物的精子发生过程中，但在时间、分子机制和形态上有所不同。在秀丽隐杆线虫中，精子分化是通过多种基因调控模式实现的，包括对精子形成重要的基因的基因组组织、精子特异性小rna的产生以及特异性转录激活因子的相互作用。随着精子形成的进展，染色质被系统地重塑，首先允许分化程序的实施，然后是精子特异性DNA包装所需的父本遗传和表观遗传信息的传输。精子在减数分裂过程中也表现出独特的特征，包括在对称减数分裂过程中形成独特的核体状态和基于中心体的染色体分离。精子特异性细胞器也在细胞完成减数分裂和个体化的过程中组装和重塑，为激活、形态发生和获得运动性做准备。最后，除了DNA之外，精子还提供了一些特定的细胞因子，这些因子有助于胚胎的成功发生。
During spermatogenesis, pluripotent germ cells differentiate to become efficient delivery vehicles to the oocyte of paternal DNA. Though male and female germ cells both undergo meiosis to produce haploid complements of DNA, at the same time they also each undergo distinct differentiation processes that result in either sperm or oocytes. This review will discuss our current understanding of mechanisms of sperm formation and differentiation in Caenorhabditis elegans gained from studies that employ a combination of molecular, transcriptomic, and cell biological approaches. Many of these processes also occur during spermatogenesis in other organisms but with differences in timing, molecular machinery, and morphology. In C. elegans, sperm differentiation is implemented by varied modes of gene regulation, including the genomic organization of genes important for sperm formation, the generation of sperm-specific small RNAs, and the interplay of specific transcriptional activators. As sperm formation progresses, chromatin is systematically remodeled to allow first for the implementation of differentiation programs, then for sperm-specific DNA packaging required for transit of paternal genetic and epigenetic information. Sperm also exhibit distinctive features of meiotic progression, including the formation of a unique karyosome state and the centrosomal-based segregation of chromosomes during symmetric meiotic divisions. Sperm-specific organelles are also assembled and remodeled as cells complete meiosis and individualize in preparation for activation, morphogenesis, and the acquisition of motility. Finally, in addition to DNA, sperm contribute specific cellular factors that contribute to successful embryogenesis.