Global trends in dietary micronutrient supplies and estimated prevalence of inadequate intakes.
Global trends in dietary micronutrient supplies and estimated prevalence of inadequate intakes.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0175554
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Hijmans RJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beal T;Massiot E;Arsenault JE;Smith MR;Hijmans RJ
了解饮食模式对于减少饥饿(约7.95亿)、微量营养素缺乏(20亿)和超重或肥胖(21亿)的人数至关重要。我们通过估计1961年至2011年期间所有国家的食物供应的微量营养素密度、14种微量营养素摄入不足的流行率以及这些微量营养素摄入不足的平均流行率来描述全球饮食质量趋势。在这50年期间，由于粮食总产量和/或微量营养素密度的增加，所有区域的微量营养素估计摄入量不足的流行率都有所下降。这一下降在东亚和东南亚尤为严重，在南亚和撒哈拉以南非洲地区下降得更弱。撒哈拉以南非洲是这50年来膳食微量营养素密度下降的唯一区域。在全球一级，估计摄入量最低的微量营养素是钙、铁、维生素A和锌，但不同国家和地区之间存在很大差异。强化营养降低了除南亚以外的所有低收入地区微量营养素摄入量不足的估计流行率。许多国家的粮食供应仍然远远低于能源需求，这表明有必要增加营养食品的供应和可及性。食物能量供应充足的国家在饮食质量上表现出很大的差异，在其中许多国家，人们将受益于更多样化的饮食和更大比例的微量营养素密集型食物。可以通过强化、生物强化和农业多样化，以及努力改善获得和使用微量营养素密集的食物和营养知识来提高饮食质量。减少贫穷和增加教育，特别是妇女的教育，是可持续地解决营养不良问题的一个组成部分。
Understanding dietary patterns is vital to reducing the number of people experiencing hunger (about 795 million), micronutrient deficiencies (2 billion), and overweight or obesity (2.1 billion). We characterize global trends in dietary quality by estimating micronutrient density of the food supply, prevalence of inadequate intake of 14 micronutrients, and average prevalence of inadequate intake of these micronutrients for all countries between 1961 and 2011. Over this 50-year period, the estimated prevalence of inadequate intakes of micronutrients has declined in all regions due to increased total production of food and/or micronutrient density. This decline has been particularly strong in East and Southeast Asia and weaker in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where dietary micronutrient density has declined over this 50-year period. At the global level, micronutrients with the lowest levels of adequate estimated intake are calcium, iron, vitamin A, and zinc, but there are strong differences between countries and regions. Fortification has reduced the estimated prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes in all low-income regions, except South Asia. The food supply in many countries is still far below energy requirements, which suggests a need to increase the availability and accessibility of nutritious foods. Countries where the food energy supply is adequate show a very large variation in dietary quality, and in many of these countries people would benefit from more diverse diets with a greater proportion of micronutrient-dense foods. Dietary quality can be improved through fortification, biofortification, and agricultural diversification, as well as efforts to improve access to and use of micronutrient-dense foods and nutritional knowledge. Reducing poverty and increasing education, especially of women, are integral to sustainably addressing malnutrition.