Mental Health and Behavior of College Students During the Early Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Smartphone and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Mental Health and Behavior of College Students During the Early Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Smartphone and Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
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DOI：
10.2196/preprints.20185
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发表时间：
2020-05
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Jeremy F. Huckins;A. DaSilva;Weichen Wang;Elin L Hedlund;Courtney Rogers;Subigya Nepal;Jialing Wu;Mikio Obuchi;Eilis I Murphy;M. Meyer;D. Wagner;P. Holtzheimer;Andrew T. Campbell
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文献类型：
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作者：
Jeremy F. Huckins;A. DaSilva;Weichen Wang;Elin L Hedlund;Courtney Rogers;Subigya Nepal;Jialing Wu;Mikio Obuchi;Eilis I Murphy;M. Meyer;D. Wagner;P. Holtzheimer;Andrew T. Campbell
背景全球绝大多数人都受到了冠状病毒疾病（COVID-19）的影响。除了数百万人感染了这种疾病之外，地方和国家政府还要求或要求数十亿人改变他们的行为模式。以前对流行病或创伤性事件的研究表明，这可能会导致深刻的行为和心理健康变化;然而，研究人员很少能够通过频繁的、近实时的采样来跟踪这些变化，或者将他们的发现与前几年相同个体的数据进行比较。目的通过结合移动的手机感应和自我报告的心理健康数据的大学生谁一直参与了纵向研究在过去的2年中，我们试图回答两个首要问题。首先，与以往相比，参与者的行为和心理健康是否因应对COVID-19大流行而发生了变化？第二，这些行为和心理健康变化是否与美国媒体对COVID-19的相关新闻报道有关？方法使用StudentLife智能手机传感应用程序测量访问的位置数量，旅行距离，使用手机的持续时间，手机解锁次数，睡眠时间和久坐时间等行为。使用患者健康问卷-4的每周自我报告的生态瞬时评估抑郁和焦虑。参与者是217名本科生，其中178名（82.0%）学生在2020年冬季学期提供数据。在2020年冬季期间收集的行为和自我报告的心理健康与同一队列中以前的术语相比的差异使用混合线性模型进行建模。结果在受COVID-19影响的第一个学期（2020年冬季），与之前的学期和随后的学术休息相比，个人更加久坐，焦虑和抑郁症状增加（P<.001）。2020年冬季学期和学期周之间的相互作用（线性和二次）是显着的。在一个混合线性模型中，电话使用量、访问的地点数量和学期的周数与COVID-19相关新闻的增加密切相关。当心理健康指标（如抑郁和焦虑）被添加到先前的措施（学期周数，访问的地点数量和电话使用）时，焦虑（P<0.001）和抑郁（P= 0.03）与COVID-19相关新闻显著相关。结论：与之前的学术术语相比，2020年冬季学期的个人更久坐，焦虑和抑郁。各种各样的行为，包括增加电话使用，减少身体活动，以及减少访问的地点，都与COVID-19新闻报道的波动有关。虽然心理健康和行为的这种大规模转变并不令人惊讶，但其特征对于帮助指导制定减少未来灾难性事件对人群心理健康影响的方法尤为重要。
Background The vast majority of people worldwide have been impacted by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In addition to the millions of individuals who have been infected with the disease, billions of individuals have been asked or required by local and national governments to change their behavioral patterns. Previous research on epidemics or traumatic events suggests that this can lead to profound behavioral and mental health changes; however, researchers are rarely able to track these changes with frequent, near-real-time sampling or compare their findings to previous years of data for the same individuals. Objective By combining mobile phone sensing and self-reported mental health data among college students who have been participating in a longitudinal study for the past 2 years, we sought to answer two overarching questions. First, have the behaviors and mental health of the participants changed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic compared to previous time periods? Second, are these behavior and mental health changes associated with the relative news coverage of COVID-19 in the US media? Methods Behaviors such as the number of locations visited, distance traveled, duration of phone usage, number of phone unlocks, sleep duration, and sedentary time were measured using the StudentLife smartphone sensing app. Depression and anxiety were assessed using weekly self-reported ecological momentary assessments of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4. The participants were 217 undergraduate students, with 178 (82.0%) students providing data during the Winter 2020 term. Differences in behaviors and self-reported mental health collected during the Winter 2020 term compared to previous terms in the same cohort were modeled using mixed linear models. Results During the first academic term impacted by COVID-19 (Winter 2020), individuals were more sedentary and reported increased anxiety and depression symptoms (P<.001) relative to previous academic terms and subsequent academic breaks. Interactions between the Winter 2020 term and the week of the academic term (linear and quadratic) were significant. In a mixed linear model, phone usage, number of locations visited, and week of the term were strongly associated with increased amount of COVID-19–related news. When mental health metrics (eg, depression and anxiety) were added to the previous measures (week of term, number of locations visited, and phone usage), both anxiety (P<.001) and depression (P=.03) were significantly associated with COVID-19–related news. Conclusions Compared with prior academic terms, individuals in the Winter 2020 term were more sedentary, anxious, and depressed. A wide variety of behaviors, including increased phone usage, decreased physical activity, and fewer locations visited, were associated with fluctuations in COVID-19 news reporting. While this large-scale shift in mental health and behavior is unsurprising, its characterization is particularly important to help guide the development of methods to reduce the impact of future catastrophic events on the mental health of the population.