Protection of the CERN Large Hadron Collider

Protection of the CERN Large Hadron Collider
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CERN 大型强子对撞机的保护

DOI：
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Zerlauth
M. Zerlauth
中科院分区：
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文献类型：
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作者：
R. Schmidt;R. Assmann;E. Carlier;B. Dehning;R. Denz;B. Goddard;E. Holzer;V. Kain;B. Puccio;Benjamin Todd;J. Uythoven;J. Wenninger;M. Zerlauth

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欧洲核子研究中心的大型强子对撞机将与两个反向旋转的质子束相撞，每个质子束的能量为7 TeV。超导磁体系统的储能将超过10 GJ，每个束流的储能为362 MJ，如果束流损失失控，可能会对加速器设备造成重大损害。因此，大型强子对撞机的安全运行将依赖于一个复杂的设备保护系统。在给超导磁体供电之前，超导磁体失超时的保护系统必须完全运行。为了安全地将450 GeV束流注入大型强子对撞机，束流吸收器必须处于正确的位置，并且必须采用特定的程序。为了在整个周期内安全运行，必须及早发现设备内的故障，并使用快速可靠的束流仪器(主要是束流损失监测器(BLM))对束流进行主动监测。使用循环束流操作时，故障后束流损失的时间常数从≈毫秒延长到几分钟-故障必须足够早地检测到，并传输到触发束流转储的束流联锁系统。由于束流倾倒块是大型强子对撞机中唯一能够承受整个束流冲击的部件，因此在紧急情况下，必须将束流适当地提取到填充物末端的倾倒块上。
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will collide two counter-rotating proton beams, each with an energy of 7 TeV. The energy stored in the superconducting magnet system will exceed 10 GJ, and each beam has a stored energy of 362 MJ which could cause major damage to accelerator equipment in the case of uncontrolled beam loss. Safe operation of the LHC will therefore rely on a complex system for equipment protection. The systems for protection of the superconducting magnets in case of quench must be fully operational before powering the magnets. For safe injection of the 450 GeV beam into the LHC, beam absorbers must be in their correct positions and specific procedures must be applied. Requirements for safe operation throughout the cycle necessitate early detection of failures within the equipment, and active monitoring of the beam with fast and reliable beam instrumentation, mainly beam loss monitors (BLM). When operating with circulating beams, the time constant for beam loss after a failure extends from ≈ms to a few minutes—failures must be detected sufficiently early and transmitted to the beam interlock system that triggers a beam dump. It is essential that the beams are properly extracted on to the dump blocks at the end of a fill and in case of emergency, since the beam dump blocks are the only elements of the LHC that can withstand the impact of the full beam.