Chemistry in the Cryosphere - (In 2 Parts)
Chemistry in the Cryosphere - (In 2 Parts)
复制标题
冰冻圈化学 -（分 2 部分）
DOI：
10.1142/9789811230134_0017
复制
发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Miller L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miller L
人类活动推动的冰冻圈变化(主要是气候变暖，但也有土地利用的变化以及日益增多的工业和运输活动)正在改变冰冻圈与大气相互作用的方式，进而影响进一步气候变化的轨迹。特别是，海冰、雪和永久冻土与大气交换了许多具有气候活性的物质，这些冰环境的分布和物理化学特征发生的戏剧性变化对区域和全球都有影响。正如本书的许多评论中所述，其中一些交互作用已经被很好地理解了。然而，冰冻圈和大气之间的许多当前和潜在的未来反馈非常不确定，在某些情况下，甚至反馈的净方向也是未知的。例如，关于以下大问题仍然存在：在变暖的海洋和陆地环境中，甲烷释放与氧化的速率是如何变化的；冰冻层初级和次级气溶胶对全球和区域大气颗粒负荷和云层的贡献；生态系统的变化是否、在哪里以及何时在增加或减少二氧化碳排放量；温度和光的变化如何相互作用，控制冰表面的化学反应，以及推动生物群落的适应。回答这些问题不仅需要艰苦的工作，还需要在构思和设计新的研究计划和开发新技术方面的创造力。在开发用于严酷冰冻圈环境中部署的强大、自主的态势观测系统以及整合从冰面上发生的分子过程到全球气候系统的广泛时空尺度的跨学科信息和想法方面，存在着特别的挑战。
Anthropogenically driven changes in the cryosphere (mainly climate warming, but also land-use changes and increasing industrial and transportation activities) are changing how the cryosphere interacts with the atmosphere, which is, in turn, influencing the trajectory of further climate change. In particular, sea ice, snow, and permafrost exchange numerous climatically-active substances with the atmosphere, and the dramatic changes occurring in the distribution and physical-chemical characteristics of these ice environments have both regional and global implications. Some of these interactions are reasonably well understood, as documented in a number of the reviews in this book. However, many current and potential future feedbacks between the cryosphere and the atmosphere are very uncertain, and in some cases, even the net directions of the feedbacks are unknown. Big questions remain about, for example: how the rates of methane release versus oxidation are changing in warming marine and terrestrial environments; the contributions of cryospheric primary and secondary aerosols to global and regional atmospheric particle loads and cloud cover; whether, where, and when ecosystem changes are increasing or decreasing CO2drawdown; and how changes in temperature and light interact in controlling chemical reactivity on ice surfaces, as well as driving adaptations in biological communities. Answering these questions will require not only hard work, but also creativity in conceiving and designing new research programs and developing new technologies. Particular challenges exist in developing robust, autonomous,in situobservation systems for deployment in harsh cryospheric environments and in integrating interdisciplinary information and ideas across wide time and space scales, from the molecular processes occurring at ice surfaces to the global climate system.