Standards policy and international trade: Multilateralism versus regionalism
Standards policy and international trade: Multilateralism versus regionalism
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标准政策与国际贸易：多边主义与区域主义
DOI：
10.1111/jpet.12425
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
Kurata Hiroshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Takarada Yasuhiro;Kawabata Yasushi;Yanase Akihiko;Kurata Hiroshi
我们开发了一个简单的模型，国内标准的政策协调和检查是否国内标准政策可以导致区域和多边协调的标准下的国民待遇原则。本文着重于强制性产品和工艺标准，这些标准影响控制负消费外部性的最终产品的特性（例如，车辆废气排放控制和安全标准、农产品使用杀虫剂的限制以及电气产品的安全标准）。只有符合国家标准的产品才能在该国市场上流通。提高标准减少了因消费贸易商品而造成的负外部性，但增加了公司的成本。我们使用核心作为解决方案的概念。标准制度如果不受国家内部任何联盟的阻挠，就被认为是核心。主要的发现是，一个多边协议的标准，最大限度地提高世界福利是唯一的核心，如果外部性是本地或轻微的跨界。否则，只有一项关于标准的区域协定才是核心。作为扩展，我们考虑许多和不对称的公司数量，市场规模的不对称，不同的标准的固定成本，以及不同标准的多边协议。
We develop a simple model of policy coordination on domestic standards and examine whether domestic standards policy can lead to regional and multilateral harmonization of standards under the principle of national treatment. This paper focuses on mandatory product and process standards affecting the characteristics of a final good that control negative consumption externalities (e.g., vehicle emissions control and safety standards, restrictions on the use of pesticides for agricultural goods, and safety standards for electrical products). Only the products that meet a country's national standards are allowed to circulate in that country's market. Raising standards reduces negative externalities caused by consumption of a traded good but increases firms’ costs. We use the core as the solution concept. A standards regime is considered to be in the core if it is not blocked by any coalition within countries. The main finding is that a multilateral agreement on standards that maximizes world welfare is only in the core if externalities are local or slightly transboundary. Otherwise, only a regional agreement on standards is in the core. As extensions, we consider many and asymmetric number of firms, asymmetry in market size, fixed costs for different standards, and a multilateral agreement on different standards.