GMO Trade Regulation and Developing Countries
GMO Trade Regulation and Developing Countries
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转基因生物贸易监管与发展中国家
DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.1518611
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Stewart
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Stewart
管理转基因作物和通过基因工程生产的食品的国际和国内管理和贸易法律和政策给发展中国家带来了各种严峻的挑战。包括阿根廷、巴西、中国和南非在内的许多发展中国家正在广泛使用转基因作物作为食品和棉花。欧洲、日本、韩国和其他国家对转基因食品严格的环境、健康和安全监管对这些国家的农业出口构成严重威胁，并阻碍其他发展中国家采用转基因作物，尽管它们具有潜在的经济、环境和粮食安全优势。然而，其他发展中国家出于环境、经济和社会方面的考虑，希望禁止或限制转基因作物。本文考察了不同发展中国家和发达国家对转基因生物采取的不同政策以及由此产生的国际贸易冲突，包括支持转基因的美国和对转基因持怀疑态度的欧盟之间的“转基因冷战”。它考察了包括世界贸易组织、食品法典和生物安全议定书在内的国际监管制度如何设法管理这些冲突。它还考虑了国际监管法对发展中国家的复杂影响，包括世贸组织专家组对欧盟生物技术的决定的影响，发现欧洲转基因生物监管的各个方面违反了世贸组织的纪律。这篇文章认为，发展中国家，包括那些更倾向于依赖转基因作物的国家，应该组织起来对全球转基因贸易监管政策施加更大的影响，而不是被美欧冲突所绑架。
International and domestic regulatory and trade law and policy governing GMO crops and foods produced through genetic engineering poses a variety of sharp challenges for developing countries. Many developing countries, including Argentina, Brazil, China, and South Africa, are making wide use of GMO plants for food and cotton. Highly restrictive environmental, health and safety regulation of GMO foods in Europe, Japan, Korea and other countries poses a serious threat to these countries’ agricultural exports and deters other developing countries from adopting GMO crops, notwithstanding their potential economic, environmental, and food security advantages. Yet other developing countries want to prohibit or restrict GM crops because of environmental, economic, and social concerns. This article examines the different policies adopted by different developing and developed countries regarding GMOs and the international trade conflicts that have resulted, including the “GM Cold War” between the pro-GMO US and the GM skeptic EU. It examines how international regulatory regimes, including the WTO, the Codex Alimentarius, and the Biosafety Protocol, have sought to manage these conflicts. It also considers the complex implications of international regulatory law for developing countries, including the implications of the WTO panel decision in EC Biotech, finding aspects of European GMO regulation contrary to WTO disciplines. The article argues that developing countries, including those that favor greater reliance on GM crops, should organize to exert a greater influence on global GM trade regulatory policies rather than being held hostage to US-EU conflicts.