Nitric oxide as a multimodal brain transmitter.
Nitric oxide as a multimodal brain transmitter.
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DOI：
10.1177/2398212818810683
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发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Garthwaite, John
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文献类型：
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作者：
Garthwaite, John
一氧化氮是现存的最简单的分子之一，大约30年前，当它被确立为心血管、神经和免疫系统中的主要信号分子时，突然进入了生物学的所有领域。哺乳动物大脑的大部分区域合成一氧化氮，它在发育和成年期都有许多不同的作用。通常，一氧化氮的合成与NMDA受体的激活相偶联，其生理效应是由产生cGMP的酶连接受体介导的。一般来说，一氧化氮似乎有两种主要的作用模式：第一，以一种近乎突触特有的方式逆行或顺行作用；第二，当附近的多个来源同时活跃时，作为一种体积递质，能够向不同的目标发出信号，而不考虑解剖结构的连通性。一氧化氮的快速扩散性及其特殊受体对短暂的亚纳摩尔一氧化氮浓度的有效捕获是这些操作模式的基础。
One of the simplest molecules in existence, nitric oxide, burst into all areas of biology some 30years ago when it was established as a major signalling molecule in the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. Most regions of the mammalian brain synthesise nitric oxide and it has many diverse roles both during development and in adulthood. Frequently, nitric oxide synthesis is coupled to the activation of NMDA receptors and its physiological effects are mediated by enzyme-linked receptors that generate cGMP. Generally, nitric oxide appears to operate in two main modes: first, in a near synapse-specific manner acting either retrogradely or anterogradely and, second, when multiple nearby sources are active simultaneously, as a volume transmitter enabling signalling to diverse targets irrespective of anatomical connectivity. The rapid diffusibility of nitric oxide and the efficient capture of fleeting, subnanomolar nitric oxide concentrations by its specialised receptors underlie these modes of operation.