Group organization among Vertebrates.
Group organization among Vertebrates.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1126/science.95.2464.289
复制
发表时间：
1942-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
Allee, W. C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Allee, W. C.
动物群体组织的学生被吸引到这个主题，主要是由于有机会研究一般社会学和比较社会学。我们并没有试图对人的团体组织进行间接攻击；虽然这是真的，但我们所有研究过这些问题的人都发现，我们的注意力和好奇心被动物群体组织与人类社会的某些简单阶段之间的某些相似之处所吸引。也许正是这样的比较最能引起读者的兴趣。我认为，在适当克制的情况下，这样做是明智的。为了理解人类社会的整合，我们需要知道有多少是人类独有的，又有多少是人类从更普遍的灵长类动物模式发展而来的，这种模式源于哺乳动物和低等脊椎动物的模式，而这些模式又与某些类型的无脊椎动物社会组织有关。更具体地说，老鼠和母鸡、牛、鱼、青蛙、蜥蜴和乌龟以及许多其他动物的社会整合与某些人类群体的组织有许多共同之处。不把这种比较太当回事，也不把主要的两性关系完全放在一边，这些相似性可能有助于解释人类的社会组织；我不会说人类社会的变体是合理的，因为它类似于或偏离了更广义的类型。20年前，Schjelderup-Ebbe开始了对动物群体社会组织的现代研究，其中个体在某种程度上彼此不同。在这个领域已经积累了大量的描述性文献，并且已经有了一个有希望的分析工作的开始。这些研究大多涉及各种鸟类的松散笼群，而普通家禽的社会秩序引起了特别的注意。自然界中有些类似的团体组织的报道也开始出现。在芝加哥，我们对这些现象很感兴趣，认为它们是动物聚集这一广阔领域的一个方面。我们已经研究了几种不同种类的鸟类和某些哺乳动物，尤其是老鼠的组织模式。下面的讨论将主要基于我们自己实验室的工作；不是因为它是最重要的，而是因为我们不仅熟悉所获得的结果，而且熟悉可能影响结论的观察和实验错误以及个人偏见。
VOL. 95, No. 2464 dents of group organization in-animals have been attracted to thesubject primarily by the opportunity to study general and comparative sociology. We have not been attempting an oblique attack upon group organizations of men; but while this is true, all of us who have worked with these problems have found our attention and curiosity caught by cer-tain similarities between group organization in animals and some of the simpler phases of human society. Perhaps it will be such comparisons that will most interest the reader. I think it is wise for them to be made, providing that due restraint is exercised. In order to understand the integrations of human society we need to know how much is uniquely human and how much is, on the other hand, the specialized human development of a more generalized primate pattern, which derives from mammalian and lower vertebrate patterns which in turn are related to certain types of invertebrate social organization. To be more specific, the social integrations of mice and hens, cattle, fish, frogs, lizards and turtles and many other animals have much in common with the organization of certainhuman groups. Without tak-ing the comparisons too seriously, and leaving primary sex relations entirely aside, these similarities may help explain human social organizations; I would not say that the human social variant is justified either because it resembles or departs from the more generalized type. The modern period in the study of social organization of groups of animals in which the individuals were in some way distinguished from each other was initiated by Schjelderup-Ebbe, 2 twenty years ago. A large descriptive literature has accumulated in this field and there has been a promising beginning of analytical work. Most of these studies have dealt with loosely caged flocks of various species of birdsand the social order of the common domestic fowl has attracted particular attention. Reports of somewhat similar group organizations in nature are also beginning to appear. 3At Chicago we have been interested in these phe-nomena as one phase ofthe broad field of animal aggregations. We have studied the organization pattern in several different species ofbirds and in certain mammals, especially mice. The following discussion will be based mainly on the work at our own labora-tory; not because it is most important, but because of our familiarity not alone with the results obtained but also with the observational and experimental errors and personal biases which may affect conclusions.