Letter: Pattern discrimination after lesions of the visual cortex
Letter: Pattern discrimination after lesions of the visual cortex
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信件：视觉皮层损伤后的模式辨别
DOI：
10.1126/science.1188375
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发表时间：
1975
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
D. Stein
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Lewis;D. Stein
在喝了啤酒和葡萄酒之后立即开始喝烈性酒的青少年中，很少有人随后开始吸烟。在这两个群体中，没有一个年轻人在从啤酒和葡萄酒发展到非法毒品的过程中不喝烈性酒或抽烟。大麻的发展主要出现在已经使用烟草或烈性酒的青少年中;两者的影响是独立的和相加的。变化的类型和变化模式的顺序在两个队列中惊人地相似，在高中的所有年级，在男女中都有发现，并且与家庭教育背景和种族无关（数据未提供）。虽然数据显示了药物使用的明确顺序，但特定药物并不总是导致其他药物在顺序上更高。许多青少年在某一特定阶段停止，不再进步;许多人退回到较低的药物。然而，数据确实表明，使用模式可能遵循某些路径。发展的四个阶段如图1所示。通过每个阶段进步的青年比例的估计是基于高中队列的数据（9）。图1中的模型得到了以下事实的支持：很少有吸毒者在特定阶段不先尝试前一种药物就开始吸毒。此外，不同的因素与每个阶段的药物使用行为有关（10）。这些阶段可能是由文化决定的。只有通过比较研究和跨文化研究才能确定它们的程度。确定这些阶段的药物使用行为有重要意义的研究因素，预测，区分，或导致药物使用。虽然大多数研究都是根据使用或不使用某种特定物质来比较总人口中的年轻人，但我的结果表明了一种不同的策略。由于每一阶段都代表一种累积的吸毒模式，而且通常所涉青少年人数少于序列中的前一阶段，因此必须对在前一阶段或前几个阶段已经使用过一种或多种药物的有限答复者群体的成员与未使用过的成员进行比较。除非做到这一点，否则被确定为某一特定类别吸毒者的明显特征的属性实际上可能反映了对上一级吸毒的重要特征（11）。Denise Kandel生物统计学研究，纽约州立精神病学研究所，哥伦比亚大学公共卫生学院和精神病学系，纽约10032
few of the adolescents who start hard liquor right after beer and wine subsequently start to smoke. No youths in either cohort progress from beer and wine to illicit drugs without also taking up hard liquor or cigarettes on the way. Progression to marihuana appears predominantly among adolescents who have already used tobacco or hard liquor; the effects of the two are independent and additive. The types of changes and the sequences in patterns of change are strikingly similar in both cohorts and are found in all grades in high school, in both sexes, and are independent of family educational background and race (data not presented). Although the data show a clear sequence in drug use, a particular drug does not invariably lead to other drugs higher up in the sequence. Many youths stop at a particular stage and do not progress further; many regress to lower drugs. However, the data do establish that patterns of use are likely to follow certain paths. Four stages in progression are diagrammed in Fig. 1. Estimates of the proportion of youths progressing through each stage are based on data from the high school cohort (9). The model in Fig. I is supported by the fact that few drug users proceed to a drug at a particular stage without first trying the preceding one. In addition, different factors are related to drug use behavior at each of the stages (10). These stages are probably culturally determined. The extent to which they are can be determined only by comparative and cross-cultural studies. The identification of these stages in drug use behavior has important implications for studying the factors that predict, differentiate, or result from drug use. Whereas most studies compare youths within a total population on the basis of their use or nonuse of a particular substance, my results suggest a different strategy. Since each stage represents a cumulative pattern of drug use and generally contains fewer adolescents than the preceding stage in the sequence, comparisons must be made among members of the restricted group of respondents who have already used the drug or drugs at the preceding stage or stages, and those who have not. Unless this is done, the attributes identified as apparent characteristics of a particular class of drug users may actually reflect characteristics important for involvement in drugs at the preceding level (11). DENISE KANDEL Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and School ofPublic Health and Department ofPsychiatry, Columbia University, New York 10032