Assessment of fluoride intake from groundwater and intake reduction from delivering bottled water in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand
Assessment of fluoride intake from groundwater and intake reduction from delivering bottled water in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand
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DOI：
10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02391
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发表时间：
2019-09
期刊：
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Benyapa Sawangjang;Takashi Hashimoto;A. Wongrueng;S. Wattanachira;S. Takizawa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Benyapa Sawangjang;Takashi Hashimoto;A. Wongrueng;S. Wattanachira;S. Takizawa
泰国清迈府Buak Khang区居民从含氟地下水供应的自来水中摄入氟是导致氟中毒的主要原因。为减少氟化物摄入量，社区拥有的水处理厂提供了经反渗透膜处理的瓶装水。本研究旨在评估使用瓶装水饮用和烹饪导致的氟化物摄入量减少。通过向来自35个随机选择的家庭的183人提供瓶装水并记录饮用和烹饪用水量，进行了用水量调查。居民平均饮水量为1.62-1.88 L/户/日，周末做饭用水量（5.06 ± 3.04 L/户/日）高于工作日（3.80 ± 1.90 L/户/日）。人均饮水量与体重呈正相关，但低体重组每公斤体重饮水量高于高体重组。虽然性别和星期几对人均饮用水消费量没有显著影响，但女孩在学校的饮水量较少，这可能是由于她们的群体心态。妇女、儿童和老年人每公斤体重的饮水量明显较高，因为这些群体通常体重较低。饮用自来水和做饭的氟摄入量分别为0.18 ± 0.10 mg/kg体重/d和5.55 ± 3.52 mg/人/d，饮用瓶装水和做饭的氟摄入量分别为0.002 ± 0.002 mg/kg体重/d和0.07 ± 0.05 mg/人/d。尽管成本增加，但98%和90%的受试者分别选择瓶装水而不是自来水用于饮用和烹饪;因此，瓶装水供应服务可用于减少发展中国家的氟化物摄入量。
Fluoride intake from tap water supplied by fluoride-containing groundwater has been the primary cause of fluorosis among the residents of Buak Khang Subdistrict, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. To reduce fluoride intake, bottled water treated using reverse-osmosis membranes has been made available by community-owned water treatment plants. This study aimed to assess the resultant reduction in fluoride intake from using bottled water for drinking and cooking. Water consumption surveys were conducted by providing bottled water to 183 individuals from 35 randomly selected households and recording the amount of water consumed for drinking and cooking. The mean drinking water consumption was 1.62–1.88 L/capita/day and the cooking water consumption on weekends (5.06 ± 3.04 L/household/day) was higher than that on weekdays (3.80 ± 1.90 L/household/day). The per capita drinking water consumption exhibited a positive correlation with body weight; however, the low-weight subjects consumed more drinking water per kilogram of body weight than the heavy subjects. Although sex and day of the week did not significantly affect drinking water consumption per capita, girls consumed less water in school possibly due to their group mentality. Drinking water consumption per kilogram of body weight was significantly higher among women, children, and the elderly because these groups generally have low body weights. The fluoride intake from using tap water for drinking and cooking was estimated to be 0.18 ± 0.10 mg/kg-body weight/day and 5.55 ± 3.52 mg/capita/day, respectively, whereas using bottled water for drinking and cooking reduced the fluoride intake to 0.002 ± 0.002 mg/kg-body weight/day and 0.07 ± 0.05 mg/capita/day, respectively. Despite the increased cost, 98% and 90% of the subjects selected bottled water over tap water for drinking and cooking, respectively; thus, bottled water delivery services could be used to mitigate fluoride intake in developing countries.